DESCRIPTION: An introduction to mechanics. Among the topics covered are the kinematics and dynamics of linear motion, the conditions for static equilibrium, the principles of conservation of energy and of momentum, Newton's law of gravitation, the kinematics and dynamics of rotational motion, mechanics of solids and fluids and thermodynamics. Differential and integral calculus and simple vector analysis are used throughout. Designed primarily for students intending to major in physics, chemistry, or mathematics; required of all students in the Engineering curriculum and strongly recommended for students planning to teach mathematics or science in the secondary schools. Three lecture, three laboratory hours per week.
PREREQUISITE: MATH 1910 or MAT 261.
COREQUISITE: Calculus sequence.
GENERAL INFORMATION: Calculus Based Physics is a transferable college level sequence which is required or satisfies the requirements in many science programs including pre‑medicine, pre‑dentistry, pre‑pharmacy, pre‑veterinary, and pre‑engineering. It is a comprehensive introduction to the entire field of physics with considerable stress placed on mathematical applications and problem solving. A knowledge of calculus is necessary to succeed in this course.
INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Tim Farris OFFICE: Warf 107-C
PHONE: 230-3297 (or 452-8600, 741-3215, or Toll Free 1-888-335-8722, ext. 3297)
FAX: VSCC Math & Science Div. (615)230-3292
EMAIL: Tim.Farris@VolState.Edu
OFFICE HOURS WILL BE POSTED BY THE SECOND WEEK OF THE SEMESTER.
TEXTBOOK: Physics for Scientists and Engineers, by Serway & Jewett, 6th Ed., Thomson.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Calculator and graph paper
OPTIONAL MATERIALS: Interactive CD JRN Physics, MAC & Windows, by Logal & Schwarz, Publisher: Prentice-Hall; Interactive CD Physics 2 Workbook for Windows, by Schwarz, Publisher: Prentice-Hall
GENERAL EDUCATION GOAL: PHYS 2110 and PHYS 2120 are designed to fulfill the eight-hour natural science requirement by providing scientific information and instruction in the thought processes involved in the scientific method of inquiry.
GENERAL EDUCATION OUTCOMES: Upon successful completion of this course the student will have demonstrated mastery of an acceptable level of physical principles and fundamental concepts, mastery of factual scientific information, the ability to gather and interpret scientific information through laboratory work, and utility in the processes of scientific inquiry.
OTHER GOALS: This course is designed to develop problem-solving skills and to acquire critical skills for the assessment and evaluation of values. This course will also seek to further develop communication skills.
OUTCOME STATEMENTS: Upon completion of this course the student will have demonstrated his/her ability to:
1. Discuss the units of length, mass and time and the standards for these quantities in SI units.
2. Describe (a) the density (mass per unit volume) of a substance, (b) the atomic weight of a substance and (c) the method for calculating atomic mass.
3. Convert units from one system to another.
4. Understand significant figures and how to handle them when carrying out simple arithmetic manipulations.
5. Become familiar with the meaning of various mathematical symbols and Greek letters.
6. Describe the coordinates of a point in space using both Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates.
7. Distinguish between vector quantities and scalar quantities.
8. Understand and describe the basic properties of vectors such as the rules of vector addition and graphical solutions for addition of two or more vectors.
9. Resolve a vector into its rectangular components. Determine the magnitude and direction of a vector from its rectangular components.
10. Understand the use of unit vectors and describe any vector in terms of its components.
11. Become familiar with the concept of force, its vector nature, and the technique of resolving a force into its rectangular components.
12. Define the displacement and average velocity of a particle in motion.
13. Define the instantaneous velocity and understand how this quantity differs from average velocity.
14. Define average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration.
15. Construct position versus time and velocity versus time graphs for a particle in motion along a straight line. From these graphs, you should be able to determine both average and instantaneous values of velocity and acceleration.
16. Obtain the instantaneous velocity and instantaneous acceleration if the position of a particle is given as a function of time. To do this, you should know how to take a derivative of a function such as
x = At2 + Bt.
17. Recognize that the equations of kinematics apply when motion occurs under constant acceleration ‑ and be able to derive the equations of kinematics from the definitions of acceleration, velocity and displacement.
18. Describe what is meant by a body in free fall (one moving under the influence of gravity ‑ where air resistance is neglected). Recognize that the equations of kinematics apply directly to a freely falling object ‑ where the acceleration is given by a = ‑g (where g = 9.8m/s2).
19. Apply the equations of kinematics to any situation where the motion occurs under constant acceleration.
20. Describe the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a particle moving in the xy plane.
21. Derive expressions for the velocity and displacement as functions of time for a particle moving in a plane with constant acceleration.
22. Recognize that two‑dimensional motion in the xy plane with constant acceleration is equivalent to two independent motions along the x and y directions with constant acceleration components ax and ay.
23. Discuss the assumptions used in describing projectile motion ‑ that is, two-dimensional motion in the presence of gravity.
24. Develop expressions for the velocity components and coordinates of a projectile at any time t, in terms of its initial velocity components vxo and vyo.
25. Recognize the fact that if the initial speed vo and initial angle θo of a projectile are known at a given time t = 0, the velocity components and coordinates can be found at any later time t. Furthermore, one can also calculate the horizontal range R and maximum height h if vo and θo are known.
26. Understand the nature of the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle with constant speed. In this situation, note that although |v| = constant, the direction of v varies in time, which is the origin of the radial, or centripetal acceleration.
27. Describe the components of acceleration for a particle moving on a curved path, where both the magnitude and direction of v are changing with time. In this case, the particle has a tangential component of acceleration and a radial component of acceleration.
28. Discuss the concept of force and the effect of an unbalanced force on the motion of a body.
29. Distinguish between contact forces (such as the tension in a rope) and action‑at‑a distance forces (such as gravitational and electrostatic forces) ‑‑ and be able to identify the four fundamental forces in nature.
30. Write, in your own words, a description of Newton's laws of motion ‑‑ and give physical examples of each law.
31. Discuss the concepts of mass and inertia and understand the difference between mass (a scalar) and weight (a vector).
32. Become familiar with the SI units of force (N), mass (kg) and acceleration (m/s2), and the relation of these units to the English units. For example, 1 N = 0.2248 lb.
33. Realize that the laws of static and kinetic friction are empirical in nature (that is, based on observations), and recognize that the maximum force of static friction and the force of kinetic friction are both proportional to the normal force on a body.
34. Apply Newton's laws of motion to various mechanical systems. Most important, you should identify all external forces acting on the system, draw the correct free‑body diagrams which apply to each body of the system, and apply Newton's second law, F = ma, in component form.
35. Discuss Newton's universal law of gravity (the inverse‑square law), and understand that it is an attractive force between two particles separated by a distance r.
36. Discuss the nature of the fundamental forces in nature (gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear) and characterize the properties and relative strengths of these forces.
37. Apply Newton's second law to uniform and non-uniform circular motion.
38. Define the work done by a constant force, and realize that work is a scalar.
39. Take the scalar or dot product of any two vectors A and B, using the definition AB cos θ, or by writing A and B in unit vector form and using the multiplication table for unit vectors.
40. Recognize that the work done by a force can be positive, negative, or zero, and describe at least one example of each case.
41. Describe the work done by a force which varies with position. In the one‑dimensional case, note that the work done equals the area under the Fx versus x curve.
42. Define the kinetic energy of an object of mass m moving with a speed v.
43. Relate the work done by the net force on an object to the change in kinetic energy. The relation W = ΔK = Kf ‑ Ki is called the work‑energy theorem, and is valid whether or not the (resultant) force is constant. That is, if we know the net work done on a particle as it undergoes a displacement, we also know the change in its kinetic energy.
44. Define the concepts of average power and instantaneous power (the time rate of doing work).
45. Discuss the properties of conservative and non-conservative forces.
46. Understand the distinction between kinetic energy (energy associated with motion), potential energy (energy associated with the position or coordinates of a system), and the total mechanical energy of a system.
47. State the law of conservation of mechanical energy, noting that mechanical energy is conserved only when conservative forces act on a system. This extremely powerful concept is most important in all areas of physics.
48. Compute the potential energy function associated with a conservative force such as the force of gravity and the spring force.
49. Recognize that the gravitational potential energy function, Ug = mgy, can be positive, negative or zero, depending on the location of the coordinate system used to measure y.
50. Recognize that the spring potential energy function, Us = ½kx2, is either positive or zero, where x is the elongation (or compression) of the spring measured from equilibrium.
51. Be aware of the fact that although U depends on the origin of the coordinate system, the change in potential energy ΔU, is independent of the coordinate system used to define U.
52. Account for non‑conservative forces acting on a system using the work‑energy theorem. In this case, the work done by all non‑conservative forces equals the change in total mechanical energy of the system.
53. Understand the concept of linear momentum of a particle and the relation between the resultant force on a particle and the time rate of change of its momentum (Newton's second law).
54. Recognize that the impulse of a force acting on a particle over some time interval equals the change in momentum of the particle, and understand the impulse approximation which is useful in treating collisions.
55. Derive the law of conservation of linear momentum for a two particle system from Newton's second and third laws, and recognize that the linear momentum of any isolated system is conserved, regardless of the nature of the force between the particles.
56. Describe and distinguish the two types of collisions that can occur between two particles, namely elastic and inelastic collisions. Recognize that a perfectly inelastic collision is an inelastic collision in which the colliding particles stick together after the collision, and hence move as a composite particle.
57. Understand the fact that conservation of linear momentum applies not only to head‑on collisions (one‑dimensional), but also to glancing collisions (two or three‑dimensional). For example, in two‑dimensional collisions, the total momentum in the x and y directions is conserved.
58. Understand and describe the concept of center of mass as applied to a collection of particles or a rigid body.
59. Define the angular velocity and angular acceleration of a particle or body rotating about a fixed axis.
60. Recognize that if a body rotates about a fixed axis, every particle on the body has the same angular velocity and angular acceleration. For this reason, rotational motion can be simply described using these quantities.
61. Note the similarity between the equations of rotational kinematics (constant α) and those of linear kinematics (constant a).
62. Describe and understand the relationships between linear speed and angular speed (v = rω), and between linear acceleration and angular acceleration (aT = rα).
63. Calculate the moment of inertia I of a system of particles or a rigid body about a specific axis. Note that the value of I depends on (a) the mass distribution and (b) the axis about which the rotation occurs. The parallel‑axis theorem is useful for calculating I about an axis parallel to one that goes through the center of mass.
64. Describe the rotational kinetic energy of a body rotating about a fixed axis, (K = ½Iω2), and recognize that this represents the sum of the kinetic energies of the various segments of the body as they move about the axis of rotation.
65. Understand the concept of torque associated with a force, noting that the torque associated with a force has a magnitude equal to the force times the moment arm. Furthermore, note that the value of the torque depends on the origin about which it is evaluated.
66. Show that the net torque on a rigid body about some axis is proportional to the angular acceleration; that is τ = Iα, where I is the moment of inertia about the axis about which the net torque is evaluated.
67. Recognize the fact that the work‑energy theorem can be applied to a rotating rigid body. That is, the net work done on a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis equals the change in its rotational kinetic energy.
68. Define the cross product (magnitude and direction) of any two vectors, A and B, and state the various properties of the cross product.
69. Define the angular momentum L of a particle moving with a velocity v relative to a specified point, and the torque τ acting on the particle relative to that point. Note that both L and τ are quantities which depend on the choice of the origin since they involve the vector position r of the particle. (That is, L = r x p and τ = r x F.)
70. Derive the relationship between the net torque on a particle and the time rate of change of its angular momentum. Note that the relation τ = dL/dt is the rotational analog of Newton's second law, F = dp/dt.
71. Describe the total angular momentum of a system of particles and a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis.
72. Apply the conservation of angular momentum principle to a body rotating about a fixed axis, in which the moment of inertia changes due to a change in the mass distribution.
73. Describe the two necessary conditions of equilibrium for a rigid body.
74. Locate the center of gravity of a system of particles or a rigid body and understand the subtle difference between center of gravity and center of mass.
75. Describe the general characteristics of simple harmonic motion, and the significance of the various parameters which appear in the expression for the displacement versus time, x = α cos (ωt + δ).
76. Start with the expression for the displacement versus time for the simple harmonic oscillator, and obtain equations for the velocity and acceleration as functions of time.
77. Understand the phase relations between displacement, velocity and acceleration for simple harmonic motion, noting that acceleration is proportional to the displacement, but in the opposite direction.
78. Obtain a value for the phase constant δ, given the initial displacement and initial velocity of the body undergoing simple harmonic motion.
79. Describe and understand the conditions of simple harmonic motions executed by the mass‑spring system (where the frequency depends on k and m) and the simple pendulum (where the frequency depends on L and g).
80. Apply energy principles to the simple harmonic oscillator, noting that the total energy is conserved if one assumes there are no non-conservative forces acting on the system.
81. Discuss the relationship between simple harmonic motion and the motion of a point on a circle moving with uniform angular velocity.
82. State Kepler's three laws of planetary motion and recognize that the laws are empirical in nature, that is, they are based on astronomical data.
83. Describe the nature of Newton's universal law of gravity, and the method of deriving Kepler's third law (T2 ~ r3) from this law for circular orbits.
84. Recognize that Kepler's second law is a consequence of conservation of angular momentum and the central nature of the gravitational force.
85. Understand the concepts of the gravitational field and the gravitational potential energy, and know how to derive the expression for the potential energy for a pair of particles separated by a distance r.
86. Describe the total energy of a planet or earth satellite moving in a circular orbit about a large body located at the center of motion. Note that the total energy is negative, as it must be for any closed orbit.
87. Understand the meaning of escape velocity, and know how to obtain the expression for Vesc using the principle of conservation of energy.
88. Describe the three types of deformations that can occur in a solid, and the elastic modulus that is used to characterize each deformation (Young's modulus, Shear modulus, and Bulk modulus).
89. Define the density of a substance and understand the concept of pressure at a point in a fluid, and the variation of pressure with depth.
90. Understand the origin of buoyant forces, state and explain Archimedes' principle, and be able to work problems involving buoyant forces.
91. State the simplifying assumptions of an ideal fluid moving with streamline flow.
92. Derive the equation of continuity and Bernoulli's equation for an ideal fluid in motion, and understand the physical significance of each equation.
93. Understand the concepts of thermal equilibrium and thermal contact between two bodies, and state the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
94. Discuss some physical properties of substances which change with temperature, and the manner in which these properties are used to construct thermometers.
95. Convert between the various temperature scales, especially the conversion from degrees Celsius into kelvins, degrees Fahrenheit into kelvins, and degrees Celsius into degrees Fahrenheit.
96. Provide a qualitative description of the origin of thermal expansion of solids and liquids; define the linear expansion coefficient and volume expansion coefficient for an isotropic solid, and learn how to deal with these coefficients in practical situations involving expansion or contraction.
97. Understand the properties of an ideal gas and the equation of state for an ideal gas. You should also be familiar with the conditions under which a real gas behaves like an ideal gas.
98. Define and discuss the calorie, heat capacity, specific heat, and latent heat.
ASSESSMENT: Examinations requiring students to demonstrate a satisfactory level of achievement of the course objectives will be used to determine if the primary general education goal of this course has been attained. These goals will be assessed by student participation in class discussions and laboratory activities and written laboratory reports. The outcomes for the course will be assessed at intervals by tests and laboratory reports and by a comprehensive final examination.
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES:
A. GRADES: The grades in all physics courses will be as follows:
A 90 ‑ 100 Superior
B 80 ‑ 89 Above average
C 70 ‑ 79 Average
D 60 ‑ 69 Below Average
F 0 ‑ 59 Failing
Students will not be allowed to register for physics courses on an AUDIT basis. The grades in physics courses will be determined according to the following:
Tests 50%
Laboratory 20%
Final Exam 20%
Homework, quizzes, etc. 10%
Failure to take the final exam will result in a grade of F for the course. In the case where the final exam is missed and the instructor has been notified in advance, at the discretion of the instructor, a grade of I may be given. However, the make‑up final must be taken within two weeks after the regular scheduled final and will always be much more difficult than the regular exam.
B. ATTENDANCE: Attendance at all lecture and laboratory meetings is expected. Persistent unexcused absences exceeding 20% of the class meetings may result in the administrative withdrawal of the student from the class.
C. TESTS: Test questions will come from the lectures, textbook, homework problems and lab. Make-up tests will not be given; if you know you will miss a test due to circumstances beyond your control, you may be allowed to take the test early. If you miss a test with a valid excuse, your grade on the final exam will be substituted for that test. If you miss more than one test, or if you miss a test without a valid excuse, you will receive a zero on that test. Test scores may (or may not) be scaled up at the instructor's discretion. No test grades will be dropped.
D. HOMEWORK: Physics is learned by doing, not watching! You must work problems and read the text consistently to succeed in this class. You will be given homework after virtually every class. Homework will generally be due on Wednesdays. Homework (or lab reports) turned in late will be penalized; homework will be graded on completeness and correctness. You may work together on homework sets unless you are specifically told otherwise, but make sure that what you actually turn in reflects your understanding of the material and not someone else’s.
E. LABORATORY: There will be no make‑up labs except in extreme circumstances. You will receive a zero for any lab you miss, and the lowest lab grade will be dropped.
F. CHEATING: Cheating on any assignment will not be tolerated. If you cheat on a test or the final you will earn an F for the course. Other incidents of cheating will be dealt with severely. Understand that cheating is receiving or giving unauthorized aid. Students are expected to abide by the policies for academic integrity contained in the Student Handbook, see especially paragraph C(2) of the Conduct and Discipline section.
ADA Statement:
It is the student’s responsibility to self-identify with the Office of Disability Services to receive accommodations and services in accordance with The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). Only those students with appropriate documentation will receive services. For further information, contact the Office of Disability Services at x3472 or visit the office which is located in C-108, on the ground floor of the Wood Campus Center.
Equal Opportunity Statement:
Volunteer State Community College is an equal opportunity Affirmative Action Educational Institution. No person shall be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefit of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity of the College because of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. The College also complies with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended and with the Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Act of 1974. The commitment to equal opportunity applies to all aspects of recruitment, employment and education of individuals at all levels throughout the College.