Review 6 - Digestive  System

  

1.  Identify and give the general function for the organs that comprise the following:

a.  gastrointestinal tract

 

b.  accessory organs

 

2.  Explain the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

 

3.  List in order the four layers of the GI tract beginning with the most internal layer.

 

4.  List and describe the three parts of the mucosa.

 

5.  What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the following:

a.  mouth

b.  stomach

c.  esophagus

d.  small intestine

e.  large intestine

 

6.  Describe the structure and function for each of the following:

a. submucosa

 

b.  submucosal plexus

 

c.  muscularis externa

 

d.  myenteric plexus

 

7.  Explain the difference between the adventitia and the serosa.

 

8.  List two functions for the mesenteries.

  

9.  Locate the following mesenteries:

a.  greater omentum

 

b.  lesser omentum

 

c.  mesentery proper

10.  Define each of the following:

a.  oral vestibule

 

b.  oral cavity

 

c.  hard palate

 

d.  soft palate

 

e.  papillae

 

f. enteroendocrine cells

 

11.  List three functions for the tongue.

 

12.  Identify the location of the three large pairs of salivary glands.

 

13.  Mumps is a viral infection of which pair of salivary glands?

 

14.  List four functions of saliva.

 

15.  Describe the action of salivary amylase.

 

16.  What is the function of the teeth?

 

17.  What is the digestive function of the pharynx?

 

18.  Describe the events that occur during deglutition.

 

19.  Explain the events that occur during peristalsis and its function.

 

20.  Describe and give the location of the esophagus.

 

21.  Explain the transition in the muscle found in the muscularis externa in the esophagus.

 

22.  Identify and give the function for each of  the following:

a.  esophageal hiatus

 

b.  cardiac sphincter

 

c.  pyloric sphincter

 

d.  rugae

e.  hepatopancreatic sphincter

 

23.  Describe and give the location of the stomach.

 

24.  Identify the four regions that comprise the stomach.

  

25.  List the function(s)  for each of the following:

a.  chief cells

 

b.  parietal cells

 

c.  mucous cells

 

d.  G cells

 

26.  Explain the unique feature of the muscularis externa of the stomach.

 

27.  What type of enzymes are secreted in an inactive form?

 

28.  List the fuction(s)  for each of the following:

a.  rennin

 

b.  HCl

 

c.  pepsin

 

d.  trypsin

 

e.  bile

 

f.  pancreatic amylase

 

g.  pancreatic lipase

 

h.  enterokinase

 

29.  Define each of the following:

a.  hiatal hernia

 

b.  mixing waves

 

c.  pyloric pump

 

d.  chyme

e.  islets of Langerhans

 

f.  pancreatic acini

 

g.  hepatopancreatic ampulla

 

h.  enterogastric reflex

 

i.  pernicious anemia

 

j.  absorption

 

30.  Explain how the stomach is emptied and give the average time required.

 

31.  List four major functions of the stomach.

 

32.  Describe the location and the regions of the pancreas.

 

33.  Explain how a blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla can cause pancreatitis.

 

34.  Describe the location, weight and major divisions of the liver.

 

35.  List six functions for the liver.

 

  

36.  Describe the structure of a liver lobule.

 

 

37.  Identify the vessels that supply oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood to the liver.

 

38. List the location and the function of the gallbladder.

 

39.  List two nondigestive functions  of bile.

 

40.  Trace the circulation of bile from the liver to the duodenum.

 

41.  Define each of the following:

a.  falciform ligament

 

b.  round ligament

c.  brush border enzymes

 

d.  lacteal

 

e.  Brunner's glands

 

f.  Peyer's patches

 

g.  segmentation

 

42.  List the three divisions of the small  intestine and give the length of each.

 

43.  List three types of folds in the lining  of the small intestine and identify their general  function .

 

44.  List two functions of the small intestine.

 

45.  List the function of each of the following:

a.  maltase

 

b.  sucrase

 

c.  lactase

 

d.  peptidases

 

e.  dextrinase

 

46.  List the dimensions of the large intestine.

 

47.  List and give the location for the three major divisions of the large intestine.

 

48.  Give the location for each of the following:

a.  ascending colon

 

b.  transverse colon

 

c.  descending colon

 

d.  sigmoid colon

 

49.  List four functions for the large intestine.

 50.  Define each of the following:

a.  haustra

 

b.  taenia coli

 

c.  haustral churning

 

d.  mass peristalsis

 

e.  anal canal

 

f.  internal sphincter

 

g.  external sphincter

 

51.  Explain the process of defecation.

 

 

52.  Explain what causes constipation and diarrhea.

 

 

53.  Explain the enzymes, site of action, and the steps involved in the digestion of each of the following:

a.  starch

 

b.  fat (unemulsified)

 

c.  protein

  

54.  Which pair of  cranial nerves stimulates secretion of digestive juices?

 

54.  Identify the factors that regulate secretion of saliva.

 

55.  Define each of the following:

a.  cephalic phase

 

b.  gastric phase

 

c.  intestinal phase

d.  micelles

 

e.  chylomicrons

 

f.  lipoprotein lipase

 

g.  chyle

 

56.  List the action(s) of each of the following:

a.  stomach gastrin

 

b.  intestinal (enteric) gastrin

 

c.  GIP

 

d.  secretin

 

e.  cholecystokinin

  

 

57.  List the location(s) where each of the following is absorbed and the process(es) by which each is absorbed:

a.  water

 

b.  monosaccharides

 

c.  amino acids

 

d.  monoglycerides

 

e.  fatty acids

 

58.  Explain the difference between the absorption of fats and and other nutrients.

 

 

Review  7  - Metabolism

  

1.  Define the following terms:

a.  glycogenesis

 

b.  gluconeogenesis

 

c.  glycogenolysis

 

d.  beta oxidation

 

e.  oxidative deamination

 

f.  vitamin

 

g.  mineral

 

h. absorptive state

 

i.  postabsorptive state

 

j.  kilocalorie

 

2.  Briefly explain what occurs in each of the following and indicate which reactions are
reversible:

a.  glycolysis

 

b.  transition reaction

 

c.  citric acidic (Krebs) cycle

 

3.  List three uses for glucose during the absorptive state.                                               

 

4.  List three ways in which the body maintains blood sugar during the postabsorptive state.

 

5.  Explain the role of insulin and glucagon in maintaining normal blood sugar level.

  

6.  What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body?

 

7.  List the energy content of each of the following:

a.  carbohydrates

b.  fats

c.  proteins

 

8.  What molecules comprise triglycerides?

 

9.  Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.

 

10.  Why should one's intake of saturated fats be less than that of unsaturated fats?

 

11.  List three functions of fats in the body.

  

12.  What is the common product of fatty acid catabolism and glucose catabolism?

 

13.  Glycerol can be converted to what product of  glucose catabolism?

 

14.  Describe what occurs during ketogenesis and list two conditions which are apt to result in ketogenesis.

 

15.  List three uses for acetyl -CoA.

 

16.  Define the following:

a.  essential amino acids

 

b.  nonessential amino acids

 

c.  complete protein

 

d.  incomplete protein

 

e.  nitrogen balance

 

f.  positive nitrogen balance

 

g.  negative nitrogen balance

 

17.  What does the liver do with the ammonia from oxidative deamination?

 

18.  List four uses for keto acids in the body.

 

19.  What is the primary function of vitamins in the body?

 

20.  Distinguish between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.

 

21.  Which three vitamins are atioxidants?

 

22.  List four  functions for minerals in the body.

 

23.  Define basal metabolic rate.

 

24.  What are the three basal conditions for measuring BMR?

 

25.  List four factors that have a significant effect on BMR.

 

26.  List the three things that determine the total metabolic rate.

 

27.  What is dietary thermogenesis and which nutrients produce the greatest dietary thermogenesis?

 

28.  How many kilocalories are contained in one pound of fat?    

 

29. Where is the body's thermostat?

 

30.  Define each of the following:

a.  radiation

 

b.  conduction

 

c.  convection

 

31.  Which of the mechanisms listed in # 30 is resposible for the greatest loss of  heat from the body?

 

32.  List two activites which are involved in heat loss.

 

33.  List three activities which are involved in heat gain.

 

34.  Explain the difference between HDL’s and LDL’s.

 

 

Review 8 - Urinary System

 

1.  List the organs of the urinary system.

 

2.  List the two major functions of the urinary system.

 

3.  Give the shape, size and location of the kidney.

 

4.  Describe the three layers of tissue that surround and support the kidney.

 

5.  Define the following terms:

a.  retroperitoneal

 

b.  renal sinus

 

c.  renal cortex

 

d.  renal medulla

 

e.  renal pyramids

 

f.  renal columns

 

g.  minor calyces

 

h.  major calyces

 

i.  renal pelvis

 

j.  nephron

 

k.  renal corpuscle

 

l.  loop of Henle

 

6.  What is the difference between a cortical nephron and a juxtamedullary nephron?

 

7.  List the correct order in which filtrate flows through the following:

    a.  ascending limb

    b.  Bowman's capsule

    c.  collecting duct

    e.  descending limb

    f.  distal convoluted tubule

    e.  proximal convoluted tubule

 

8.  List in order and give the function for the four parts of the vascular component of a nephron.

 

9.  Identify the direction in which water and /or solutes move in the following:

a.  glomerular filtration

 

b.  tubular reabsorption

 

c.  tubular secretion

 

10.  Define the following terms:

     a.  transport maximum

 

b.  renal clearance

11.  Distinguish between obligatory and facultative reaborption of water.

 

12.  Why is the pressure within the glomerulus higher than in other capillaries of the CVS?

 

13.  How would vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole affect filtration? vasodilation?

 

14.  Briefly explain the following methods for regulating glomerular filtration:

a.  myogenic regulation

 

b.  tubuloglomerular feedback

 

15.  Describe the layers of the filtration membrane and indicate which layer is most restrictive.

 

16.  Define the following terms:

a.  glomerular hydrostatic pressure

 

b.  glomerular osmotic pressure

 

c.  capsular hydrostatic pressure

 

d.  net filtration pressure

 

17.  What would happen if the net filtration pressure fell to 0?

 

18.  Describe the filtrate and give the average filtration rate.

 

l9.  Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

 

20.  In what area of the renal tubule are most nutrients reabsorbed?

 

21.  Describe the effect of aldosterone and ADH on tubular reabsorption and their site of action.

 

22.  Where does tubular secretion occur?

 

23.  List three specific functions of tubular secretion.

 

24.  Identify the factors that determine the rate of renal clearance.

  

25.  Identify the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and list two functions for it.

  

26.  Explain the role for each of the following in renal hypertension:

a.  renin

 

b.  angiotensinogen

 

c.  angiotensin I

 

d.  angiotensin II

 

27.  Describe the unique permeabilities of the ascending and descending limbs and explain the countercurrent mechanism.

 

28.  What type of urine is produced by the countercurrent mechanism?

 

29.  Explain the relationship between ADH, urine volume and concentration.

 

30.  Where is the thrist center?

 

31.  Explain the relationship between blood solute concentration and urine volume.

  

32.  Describe the effect of each of the following on urine volume:

a.  diuretics

 

b.  anxiety

 

c.  increased body temperature

 

33.  Describe the color, average output and normal pH of urine.