Biol2010Reviews5-9

Review 5 - CELL DIVISION

I. Stages of Interphase and Mitosis
 

Stage

 Events
Interphase  
 

 

G1

 1. protein synthesis 2. cell elargement or growth

S

  
 

 

G2

  
 

Mitosis

  
 

Prophase

  
 

 

Metaphase

  

1. chromosomes line up around center of cell 2. chromosomes are attached to spindle by their centromeres

 

 

Anaphase

  

 
 

 

 

Telophase

  

 

 

 

1. Define the following terms:

a. chromatids

b. centromere

c. spindle

d. mitosis

e. cytokinesis

f. cleavage furrow

g. DNA polymerase

h. semiconservative replication

i. interphase

2. Expain the process of DNA replication.

 

 

3. What is the significance of DNA replication?

4. List the number of DNA molecules comprising each chromosome during the following:

a. G2 period

b. G1 period

c. prophase

d. anaphase

5. How do the cells produced during mitosis compare with their parent cell and with each other?

6. Explain how mitosis is related to the formation of malignant tumors or cancers.

 

 

 

Review 6 - GENETIC CODE AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

 

1. What is a codon?

 

2. Why is the genetic code said to be redundant?

 

3. What happens during transcription?

 

4. Where does transcription occur?

 

5. What is the name of the enzyme required for transcription?

 

6. What is the relationship between the half DNA molecule and mRNA?

 

7. What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

 

8. What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

 

9. How many different tRNA’s are there?

10. What is the anticodon?

 

11. What happens during translation?

 

12. Where does translation occur?

13. How many codons on mRNA are covered by a ribosome during translation?

14. What happens as the ribosome slips down the mRNA molecule?

15. What causes translation to end?

16. Define the following:

a. gene

b. polyribosome

Mutation

biol2010reviews5-9htm

 

 

Review 7 - Review of Cellular Respiration

 

1. Give a general description for what occurs during cellular respiration.

2. List three products of cellular respiration.

3. Explain the two ways that ATP is synthesized in cellular respiration.

4. Give the location for each of the following:

a. electron transport system

b. glycolysis

c. transition reaction

d. citric acid cycle

5. Which of the reactions listed in #4 can occur during an oxygen debt?

6. Give the product(s) for each of the following:

a. electron transport system

b. aerobic glycolysis

c. transition reaction

d. citric acid cycle

7. What three-carbon compound is produced when glucose is broken down during an oxygen debt?

8. Compare ATP production in aerobic respiration of glucose with respiration during an oxygen debt.

9. Which of the following produces the greatest amount of ATP?

a. aerobic glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

10. List two reasons why one can exercise anaerobically for only a short period.

11. Give a balanced equation representing the aerobic respiration of glucose.

12. What is the total net gain of ATP produced in the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?

13. Approximately what percent of the energy in glucose is stored in the ATP's produced during cellular respiration?

14. What happens to the energy released from glucose that is not stored in the ATP's produced?

 

 

Review 8 - Epithelium and Connective Tissues

Epithelial Tissues
 

Tissue

 Description Function(s) Location(s)
 

simple squamous

epithelium

  

 

  

 

  

 
 

simple cuboidal epithelium

  

 

  

 

  

 
 

simple columnar epithelium

  

one layer of rectangular cells and goblet cells with

brush border or cilia

 1. absorption 2. secretion lining the small intestine
pseudostratified columnar epithelium    

 

  

 
 

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

   

 

  

 
 

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

    

 

  

 
 

 

transitional

epithelium

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

1.  Define each the following:

a. tissue

b. histology

c. basement membrane

d. simple epithelium

e. stratified epithelium

f. squamous

g. gland

2. List six characteristics of epithelial tissues.

 

 

3. Identify two types of epithelium that contain goblet cells.

4. What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?

5. Define each of the following:

a. simple gland

c. compound gland

d. alveolar gland

e. tubular gland

f. holocrine gland

g. merocrine gland

h. unicellular gland

 

 

Review 9 - Connective Tissues

 

Tissue

 Description Function(s) Location(s)
areolar tissue  

 

  

 

  

 
 

adipose tissue

 contains many adi- pocytes with stored fat insulation, padding and energy reserve hypodermis & back of eye
reticular tissue  

 

  

 

  

 
 

dense regular

connective tissue

    

 

  

 
 

dense irregular

connective tissue

    

 

  

 
 

elastic connective

tissue

    

 

  

 
 

elastic cartilage

  

 

  

 

  

 
 

fibrocartilage

  

 

  

 

  

 
 

hyaline cartilage

  

 

  

 

  

 
 

compact bone

 

 

  

 

  

 
 

cancellous bone

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

1. What is mesenchmye?

2. Describe the vascularity of loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue and cartilage.

 

3. Describe the ground substance found in each of the following:

a. connective tissue proper

b. cartilage

c. bone

4. What is the major difference between loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues?

5. Define each of the following:

a. osteons

b. haversian canal

c. lacunae

d. lamellae

e. canaliculi

f. trabeculae

g. epithelial membrane

h. visceral layer

i. parietal layer

j. chondrocytes

k. osteocytes

6. List three differences between mucous membranes and serous membranes.

 

7. Identify the two components of the matrix of connective tissues

 

8. Describe the composition and function for each of the following:

a. collagen fibers

b. elastic fibers

c. reticular fibers

9. Identify the function(s) of the following:

a. goblet cells

b. fibroblasts

c. adipocytes (adiose cells)

d. macrophages

e. mast cells

f. plasma cells

10. Explain the difference between compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone.

 

 

 

 

Review  10 - Integumentary System

 

1.  List the structures which comprise the integumentary system.

 

2.  Compare the epidermis and the dermis according to thickness, tissue type(s), blood                 vessels and nerve endings.

 

 

3.  List the function of the following:

      a.  keratinocytes

b.  melanocytes

      c.  Merkel cells

d.  Langerhans cells

 

4.  List the five sublayers of the epidermis and the distinct structural features and/or function      of each.

 

 

5.  Distinguish between thin skin and thick skin based upon location and layers.

 

 

6.  Explain the three factors that determine skin color.

 

7.  What is the major function of the epidermis?

 

8.  Explain the structure and function of the hypodermis.

 

9.  Compare the papillary layer and the reticular of the dermis according to thickness,

      tissue type, blood vessels and nerve endings.

 

 

10.  What is the relationship of the dermal papillae to fingerprints?

 

 

11.  Define the following terms that relate to hair:

a.  shaft

 

b.  root

 

c.  follicle

 

d.  bulb


 

e.  matrix

 

f.  cuticle

 

g.  medulla 

 

h.  cortex

 

i.  arrector pili muscles

 

j.  root hair plexus

 

12.  Distinguish between vellus hair and terminal hair.

 

13.  Explain what produces hair color.

 

14.  List two functions of hair.

 

15.  List the three major areas of a nail.

 

16.  Define the following terms that relate to nails:

a.  nail bed

b.  matrix

c.  lunula

 

17.  What is the primary function of fingernails?

 

18.  Where are soft keratin and hard keratin found in the integumentary system?

 

19.  Describe the location and the secretion of the sebaceous glands.

 

20.  List two functions for sebum.

 

21.  Compare the two types sudoriferous glands according to location, secretion and

function.

 

 

22.  List six functions for the integumentary system.