Biol 2010 Reviews
Review 14 - Nervous System I
1. List three general functions of the nervous system.
2. Describe the organs and functions of the CNS and the PNS.
3. Differentiate between the afferent and efferent divisions of the PNS.
4. Explain the difference between the somatic nervous system and the ANS.
5. Define each of the following:
a. effector
b. neuroglia
c. neuron
6. Which neuroglial cells are most important in the
blood brain barrier?
7. List the function of each of the following:
a. microglia
b. astrocytes
c. oligodendrocytes
d. ependyma
e. schwann cells
f. satellite cells
8. Which of the neuroglia in # 7 are found in the CNS?
in the PNS?
9. Define and give the function for each of the following:
a. perikaryon
b. nissl bodies
c. neurofibrils
d. axon hillock
e. dendrites
f. axon
g. axon collaterals
h. myelin sheath
i. axonal terminals
10. List the function for each of the following:
a. sensory neurons
b. motor neuron
c. association neuron (interneuron)
11. Describe the three structural types of
neurons and the functional type(s) found in each.
12. Define each of the following:
a. telodendria
b. nerve fiber
c. neurilemma
d. axolemma
e. nodes of Ranvier
f. myelinated fiber
g. unmyelinated fiber
h. polarized fiber
i. nerve
j. tract
k. ganglion
13. Identify the charge inside and outside a resting neuron and the ions responsible for the charge on each side.
14. List two factors that maintain the position of sodium and potassium ions in a resting neuron.
15. What is the average resting potential of a neuron?
16. Differentiate between chemically-gated membrane channels and voltage-gated membrane channels.
17. Define each of the following:
a. depolarization
b. hyperpolarization
c. repolarization
d. graded potentials
e. threshold potential (spike potential)
f. action potential
18. List in order the events that occur during the
formation of an action potential .
19. How does an action potential differ from a graded potential?
20. How are the sodium and potassium ions returned to their resting positions after repolarization?
21. Define each of the following:
a. all-or-none principle of nerve impulse transmission
b. absolute refractory period
c. relative refractory period
d. saltatory conduction
e. synapse
22. List two factors that determine the speed of
nerve impulse conduction by neurons.
23. List two types of synapses.
24. Define each of the following:
a. synaptic cleft
b. presynaptic neuron
c. postsynaptic neuron
d. synaptic vesicles
e. excitatory neurotransmitter
f. inhibitory neurotransmitter
g. facilitation
h. temporal summation
i. spatial summation
j. neuronal pools
k. cholinestrase
25. Describe the events (steps) that occur when an action potential reaches an axon terminal.
26. List two ways in which neurotransmitters are inactivated.
27. List four characteristics of synaptic
conduction.
28. Define each of the following:
a. epineurium
b. perineurium
c. endoneurium
d. fasicles
29. Compare the structure of a nerve with the structure of a muscle.
30. Describe three types of nerves.
31. Identify the location, size and
boundaries of the spinal cord.
32. Describe the three layers of the meninges.
33. Define each of the following:
a. cauda equina
b. conus medullaris
c. filum terminale
d. gray matter
e. posterior horns
f. anterior horns
g. white matter
h. columns
i. tracts
j. ascending tracts
k. descending tracts
l. gray commissure
m. central canal
n. epidural space
o. subarachnoid space
p. cerebrospinal fluid
34. List two functions of the spinal cord.
35. Describe the five componenets of a simple reflex arc and give the function of each.
36. Define each of the following:
a. reflex
b. reflex arc
c. monosynaptic reflex arc
d. polysynaptic reflex arc
e. somatic reflexes
f. visceral (autonomic) reflexes
37. What is the primary function of reflexes?
Review 15 - Nervous System II
1. Identify the types of neuron processes that comprise the following:
a. anterior root
b. posterior root
c. spinal (posrerior root) ganglion
2. Define the following:
a. ganglion
b. plexus
c. intercostal nerves
3. List the number of pairs of nerves in each of the following:
a. cervical spinal nerves
b. thoracic spinal nerves
c. lumbar spinal nerves
d. sacral spinal nerves
e. coccygeal spinal nerves
4. Identify the spinal nerves that form each of the following, the general areas supplied by each, and one pair of nerves associated with each:
a. cervical plexuses
b. brachial plexuses
c. lumbar plexuses
d. sacral plexuses
5. List the four major divisions of the adult brain and identify the location of each.
6. Describe two unique characteristics of the meninges that surround the brain.
7. List the location of each of the four ventricles.
8. Identify the part(s) of the brain associated with each of the
following:
a. balance
b. regulation of blood pressure
c. relay center for sensory impulses
d. breathing center
e. appetite center
f. visual reflexes
g. decussation
h. cardiac center
i. posture
j. thermostat
l. auditory reflexes
m. sneezing
n. coordination
o. relay of olfactory impulses
p. thirst center
9. List the three divisions of the brain stem beginning with the most superior portion.
10. Define the following terms:
a. ventricles
b. crebral peduncles
c. somatotopy
d. pyramids
e. decussation
f. cerebral dominance
g. cerebral aqueduct
h. copora quadrigemina
i. substantia nigra
11. What part of the brain acts as a bridge connecting upper and lower portions with each other and with the spinal cord?
12. Describe the location and divisions of the cerebellum.
13. Define the following terms:
a. cerebellar cortex
b. arbor vitae
c. folia
d. vermis
14. Describe the location and function of each of the
following:
a. superior cerebellar peduncles
b. middle cerebellar peduncles
c. inferior cerebellar peduncles
15. Identify the three parts of the diencephalon.
16. Describe the structure, location and function of the superior colliculi and the inferior collliculi.
17. Identify the location of the hypothalamus and explain its relationship to the pituitary gland.
18. Describe the location and functions of the thalamus.
19. Where are the mammillary bodies and what is their function?
20. Locate the following:
a. longitudinal fissure
b. central sulcus
c. lateral sulcus
d. parietooccipital sulcus
21. Define the following terms:
a.
cerebral hemispheres
b. cerebral cortex
c. gyri
d. sulci
e. cerebral nuclei
22. List the five lobes that comprise each cerebral hemispheres and describe the location of each.
23. Describe the general function of the following areas:
a. motor areas
b. sensory areas
c. association areas
24. Describe the location and function of the following sensory areas:
a. primary somatosensory cortex
b. primary visual cortex
c. primary auditory cortex
d. primary olfactory cortex
e. gustatory cortex
25. Describe the location and function of the following motor areas:
a. primary motor cortex
b. premotor cortex
c. motor speech area
26. Describe the location and function of the following association areas:
a. somatosensory association area
b. visual association area
c. auditory association area
d. prefrontal cortex
e. general interpretation area
27. Identify the kinds of activities controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere.
28. Identify the kinds of activities controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere.
29. List the four types of brain waves found in an EEG and explain what is indicated by each.
30. What is the general function of the cerebral nuclei?
31. List the three types of tracts comprising the white matter of the crebrum and describe the function of each.
32. Define the following terms:
a. Parkinson's disease
b. corpus callosum
c. choroid plexuses
d. arachnoid villi
e. hydrocephalus
33. Describe the formation, circulation and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid.
34. List three pair of sensory cranial nerves and describe the function of each.
35. List three pair of cranial nerves that are involved in eye movements and identify the muscle(s) supplied by each.
36. List two pair of cranial nerves that carry impulses for taste and identify the area of the tongue supplied by each.
37. Identify the area(s) supplied and the function(s) for each
of the following:
a. facial nerves
b. glossopharyngeal nerves
c. vagus nerves
d. accessory nerves
e. hypoglossal nerves
38. Identify the primary sensory nerves of the face and the primary motor nerves of the face.
39. List the general function for each division of the ANS.
40. Identify the following characteristics of autonomic pathways:
a. type of neurons comprising the pathways
b. number of neurons in each pathway
c. origin of autonomic pathways
d. number of synapses in each pathway
e. type of effector supplied by autonomic pathways
41. Define each of the following:
a. preganglionic neuron
b. postganglionic neuron
c. autonomic ganglion
42. List and explain the two names for each division of the ANS.
43. Explain the principle of dual innervation and list three exceptions to it.
44. How are those effectors that receive impulses from only one division regulated?
45. Describe each of the following and identify the division of the ANS to which it belongs:
a. vertebral ganglia
b. prevertebral ganglia
c. terminal ganglia
46. What is the source of adrenalin (epinephrine) and with which ANS division is it associated?
47. Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS as to origin of pathways, outflow, and number of connections.
48. Identify the neurotransmitter released by each of the following:
a. sympathetic preganglionic fibers
b. sympathetic postganglionic fibers
c. parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
d. parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
49. Define each of the following:
a. cholinergic fibers
b. adrenergic fibers
c. biofeedback
50. List three specfic activities of the sympathetic division.
51. What two factors determine the respose of a visceral effector to autonomic impulses?
52. Which area of the brain regulates the ANS?