Biol 2010 Reviews

15. How many chemical elements are found in the human body?

16. List the six elements which comprise 99% of the total body weight.

17. List the three types of subatomic particles and give the charge and mass of each..

18. Specifically, which subatomic particles participate in chemical bonding?

19. Why are all atoms electrically neutral?

20. What are isotopes?

21. List three functions for radioisotopes.

22. What is the relationship between orbitals and energy levels?

23. What is the maximum number of electrons comprising the first three energy levels?

24. What are inert elements?

25. Explain the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonding.

26. What is the valence of an element?

27. What is the difference between covalent bonding and ionic bonding?

28. What does H-H indicate?

29. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that carbon can form?

30. What are hydrogen bonds?

31. What is the function of hydrogen bonds and how are they represented?

32. Explain the difference between a compound and a mixture.

33. Explain the difference in the following mixtures:

    a. solution

    b. colloid

    c. suspension

34. Describe and give one example of the following types of chemical reactions:

    a. synthesis reaction

    b. decomposition reaction

    c. reversible reactions

    d. exchange reaction

35. Explain the difference between an acid and a base.

36. What are buffers?

37. List two important buffer systems in the human body.

38. What is the relationship between pH number and the concentration of acidic or basic ions?

39. Why is a pH of 7 neutral?

40. List five functions of water.

41. What are electrolytes and what is their function in the body?

42. Define the following terms:

    a. matter

    c. chemical elements

    d. ions

    e. atomic number

    f. atomic mass

    g. dissociation

    h. pH

    i. chemical symbols

    j. molecules

    k. compound

    l. salt

1. What characteristic do all organic molecules have in common?

2. List the chemical elements found in carbohydrates and their typical proportion.

3. Describe the three major groups of carbohydrates.

4. What two monosaccharides that are found in nucleotides?

5. What are isomers?

6. Compare the structure, source and function of glucose and fructose.

7. Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

8. List three disaccharides, their source and the monosaccharides comprising each.

9. List three polysaccharides and describe the structure and function of each.

10. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?

11. Describe the structure of a triglyceride.

12. List three functions of triglycerides.

13. Explain the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat.

14. How do plant fats and animal fats differ in saturation?

15. What is the dietary advantage of polyunsaturated fats?

16. Describe the structure and unique properties of phospholipids and list one important phospholipid.

17. Describe the structure of steroids and list three important steroids.

18. What are eicosanoids and what important biological compounds are synthesized from them?

19. Define the following terms:

    a. pentose

    b. hexose

    c. polymer


20. Describe the structure of an amino acid.

21. How many different amino acids are found in proteins?

22. Explain how peptide bonds are formed.

23. List the four structural levels of proteins and give an example of a protein containing each.

24. List six functional groups of proteins and give an example of each.

25. Explain how an enzyme interacts with its substrate(s).

26. List the three types of molecules that comprise nucleotides.

27. Why is ATP called the "energy currency" of cells?

28. How do ATP and ADP differ?

29. Describe the structure and function of coenzymes.

30. List the complementary base pairs in DNA.

31. What is the "backbone " of DNA?

32. Compare and contrast the structure and function of RNA and DNA.

33. Define the following:

    a. antibody

    b. hormone

    c. enzyme

    d. coenzyme

                                       Movement Across Plasma Membranes

1. Explain the fluid mosaic structure of the plasma membrane.

2. What are integral proteins and peripheral proteins and what are their functions?

3. List five factors that affect the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane.

4. Distinguish between an active process and a passive process.

5. Define the following terms:

    a. equilibrium

    b. concentration gradient

    c. hypotonic solution

    d. hypertonic solution

    e. isotonic solution

    f. pseudopodia

    g. pinocytic vesicle

    h. plasmolysis

    i. bulk (vesicular)transport

6. Explain what happens to cells placed in each of the following:

    a. hypotonic solution

    b. hypertonic solution

    c. isotonic solution

7. List four types of bulk transport.

8. List three types of endocytosis.

1. To which part of the cell do each of the following apply:

    a. fluid mosaic model

    b. suicide bags

    c. control center

    d.  powerhouse

    e. packaging and shipping department

2. Describe, locate and give the function for each of the following:

    a. microvilli

    b. nucleoli

    c. peroxisomes

    d. tight junctions

    e. desmosomes

    f. gap junctions

3. Define each of the following:

    a. cytoplasm

    b. cell inclusion

    c. chromatin granules

    d. nuclear envelope

    e. nucleoplasm

    f. cristae

    g. cisternae

    h. cytoskeleton

4. List three organelles that are comprised of microtubules.

5. List two types of cell inclusions.