1.   Define the following terms:

a.  microbiology

 

b.  microorganisms

 

c.  ubiquity of microbes

 

d.  pathogen

 

e.  antibiotic

 

f.  vaccine

 

g.  irritability

 

      h.  growth

 

i.  genetic engineering

 

j.  taxonomy

 

k.  mutation

 

l.  metabolism

 

m.  excretion

 

n.  Bergey’s Manual

 

 

2.  List and briefly describe the three modes of nutrition and identify the microbes that utilize each. 

 

 

3.  Define reproduction and explain the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction.       

 

4.   List three harmful effects of some microbes.

5.   List seven beneficial effects of some microbes.

 

 

 

6.   List three major differences between procaryotes and eucaryotes.

 

7.   List the groups of microbes that contains procaryotes.

 

8.   List three groups of microbes that are eucaryotes.

 

9.   Identify the group of microbes that are noncellular.

 

10.  List three major activities  of taxonomy.

 

11.  List three characteristics used in classifying microbes.

 

12.  List the eight taxa used in classification and explain their relationship to one another.

 

13.   List the three domains used to classify microbes and identify the kingdoms and groups of

        microbes found in each.

 

14.   List three characteristics of scientific nomenclature.

 

15.   Identify the contribution of each of the following:

         a.  Linnaeus

 

b.  Whittaker

 

c.  Hippocrates

 

d.  Fracastoro

 

e.  Jenner

 

f.  Semmelweis

   

         g.  Lister

 

h.  Koch

 

i.  Pasteur

 

j.  Fleming

 

k.  Leeuwenhoek

 

l.  Janssen brothers

 

16.   List Koch’s postulates and explain their use.

 

 

17.   Define the following and list the groups of microbes that can be measured using each:

a.  millimeter

 

b.  micrometer

 

c.  nanometer

 

18.   Explain the difference between a simple microscope and a compound microscope.

 

19.   Define the following terms:

a.  total magnification

 

b.  resolution

 

c.  contrast

 

20.   Identify the maximum total magnification and the maximum resolution of the compound light microscope.

 

21.  Give the formula for resolution and explain how it is improved by oil immersion.

 

22.   List the unique features, advantage and use of each of the following types of microscopy:

a.  brightfield microscopy

 

b.  darkfield microscopy

 

c.  phase- contrast microscopy

 

d.  fluorescent microscopy

 

e.  transmission electron microscopy

 

f.  scanning electron microscopy

 

 

23.   Define the following terms: 

a.  dye

 

b.  chromogen

 

c.  auxochrome

 

d.  basic dye

 

e.  acidic dye

 

f.  mordant

 

g.  decolorizer

 

h.  differential stain

 

i.  structural stains

 

24.   What type of dye is used in the following staining techniques:

a.  negative stains

 

b.  positive stains

 

25.   Explain the chemical reaction that occurs in negative staining and positive staining.

 

26.  Explain the Gram staining technique.

 

27.   Explain why Gam+ bacteria retain the primary dye while Gram- bacteria do not.

 

28.  Explain the acid-fast staining technique.

 

29.   Explain why acid-fast bacteria retain the primary dye while nonacid-fast bacteria do not.

 

30.   Identify the genus of acid-fast bacteria that contains important pathogens.

 

31.   Provide the scientific term for the following shapes of bacteria:

a.  rods

 

b.  spheres

 

c.  ovals

 

d.  commas

 

e.  rigid spirals

 

f.  flexible spirals

 

 

 

 

32.   Describe the arrangements of bacteria indicated by the following terms:

a.  diplococcus

 

b.  tetracoccus

 

c.  streptococcus

 

d.  sarcina

 

e.  staphylococcus

 

f.  diplobacillus

 

g.  streptobacillus

 

h.  palisade arrangement

 

33.   List two functions for the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.

 

34.   List two functions for the cell wall.

 

35.   Describe the “fluid mosaic model” of the plasma membrane.

 

36.  List the function(s) of peripheral proteins and integral proteins.

 

37.   Describe the structure and function of peptidoglycan.

 

 

38.   Compare the structure of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell wall.

 

 

39.  List three results of the differences in cell wall structure between Gram+ and Gram- bacteria.

 

 

40.   Describe the structure and function of the following:

a.  flagella

 

b.  pili

 

c.  fimbriae

 

d.  ribosomes

 

e.  cytoplasm

 

f.  nucleoid

 

g.  plasmids

 

h.  capsule

 

i.  biofilms

 

41.   Define the following terms:

a.  pleomorphic bacteria

 

b.  cell inclusion

 

c.  amphitrichous

 

d.  lophotrichous

 

e.  peritrichous

 

f.  glycoclayx      

 

g.  flagellin

 

h.  pilin

 

i.  PHB

 

j.  volutin granules

 

 

42.  Compare eucaryotic and procaryotic flagella as to size, structure, and type of motility produced.

 

43.  Describe sporulation.

 

 

 

44.  List the requirements for germination of endospores and describe the process.

 

 

45.   List two genera of sporeforming bacteria and identify the pathogens in each.

 

46.  How can a single viable freespore represent a  serious health hazard.

 

 

47.  List three unique properties of endospores.

 

48.   What is the function of endospores?  

 

49.  Explain the difference between bacteria and archaea.

 

50.   Describe the unique characteristic(s) of  each of the following:

a.  mycoplasmas

 

b.  mycobacteria

 

c.  rickettsia

 

d.  chlamydia 

 

e.  halophiles

 

f.  methanogens

 

g.  thermophiles

 

h.  cyanobacteria

 

i.  purple and green sulfur bacteria

 

51.  Explain the difference between a symbiotic relationship and a nonsymbiotic relationship.