1020 Lab Topics Review

The following review is a summary, and does not mention all of the detail we discussed in lab.
You are responsible for all of the detail we discussed in lab.

Also refer to the lab illustrations page and the 5 Kingdom Classification Page.

Review for Lab Practical 1, spring '05

Lab 1: Animal Tissues

There are 5 primary types of animal tissues. State the basic functions and basic descriptive characteristics of each:

I. Epithelial tissue:

II. Connective tissue:

III. Muscle tissue:

IV. Nervous tissue:

V. Vascular tissue:

State the specific function, basic descriptive characteristics, location, detail we discussed, and be able to re-recognize “said” microscopic slide of the specific tissue):

I. Epithelial tissue:
A. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue (remember, this slide is illustrating skin, and epithelial tissue is located on outside or inside surface areas:

B. Cuboidal epithelial tissue (this tissue is found lining the inside surface of gland and gland-like organs, our slide illustrates kidney tubules):

C. Columnar epithelial tissue (found lining the inside surface of animal intestines in this instance):

1. Locate and give the function of goblet cells:

D. Ciliated columnar epithelial (found lining the trachea of a frog in this slide; remember, you may need to gently manipulate the fine focus to view the cilia):

II. Connective tissue:
A. White fibrous tissue (tendons and ligaments are made up of this tissue): (omit)

B. Hyaline cartilage:

C. Bone:

III. Muscle tissue:
A. Smooth or involuntary tissue (remember, found along viscera in animals, helps move food through the digestive system, among other functions):

            B. Skeletal or involuntary muscle (note the striations, perpendicular to the muscle fibers):

            C. Cardiac muscles:
                        1. Intercalated disks:

IV. Nervous tissue (made up of neurons and neuroglia cells):
1. Note the large neuron and cell body. Note the function of axons and dendrites (see lecture notes; it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between axons and dendrites on these neuron smear slides):

V. Vascular tissue (human blood smear): Note and describe red blood cells (erythrocytes) and occasional white blood cells (leukocytes) with a well define nucleus:

Lab 2: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes

Beginning with this lab and continuing for the next few weeks, we will discuss and view representative specimens of major animal phyla. Kingdom Animalia is represented by eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms. All animals are heterotrophic and acquire nutrition through ingestion and digestion or absorption. Most are motile, at least at some point in the life cycle. This lab is concerned with the lower invertebrate phyla. Remember, this animal phyla tour is presented from “most simple to most complex”.

Lab information that you are responsible for this week should include labels (Phylum and common name or Genus), of course re-recognition, and noted (discussed in lab) labeling of structures and interesting facts concerning the following listed representatives.

Phylum Porifera – “many pores”, represented by sponges.

1a) Prepared Grantia slide; fig. 1 & 2, Atlas 83b. Label water current canals. (omit slide)

1b) Prepared Grantia spicules slide; Atlas 83d. (omit slide)

1c) Preserved sponge specimens; Atlas p. 84.

Phylum Cnidaria – all possess stinging cells called “cnidocytes”, and are coelenterates (hollow gut).

2a) Live Hydra; Atlas 86d.

2b) Prepared Hydra slides; fig. 5 and Atlas 86d & 86f. Label tentacles, nematocyst, mouth, gastrovascular cavity, and bud.

2c) Prepared Obelia slides, colonies (label polyp with medusa buds) and Obelia medusa (label mouth, mesoglea, tentacle); fig. 3 & 4 and Atlas 87b & 87e.

2d) Preserved specimens: 1) Jellyfish, 2) Portuguese man-of-war, 3) Sea Anemones, 4) Coral, (scattered in Atlas p. 86-90).

Phylum Platyhelminthes – “flatworms”

3a) Live Planaria; Atlas fig. 91a

3b) Prepared slide of Planaria. Label eye spots, mouth/annus, intestines. Fig. 6

3c) Prepared slide “human liver fluke”, Chlonorchis sinensis; fig. 7, Atlas fig. 92a (omit)

3d) Prepared slide “tapeworm”. Label hooks, suckers, scolex, and proglotids; fig. 8 & Atlas 93b & 93c

3e) Preserved specimens 1) human liver flukes & 2) tapeworms, scattered in Atlas p. 91-93

Lab 3: Nematoda, Rotifera, Annelida

The lab information this week should include re-recognition and classification (phyla, class if applicable, and common name or Genus) and designated labeling of the specimens listed below.

Phylum Nematoda – “Roundworms”

Members of this phylum are ubiquitous and possess a pseudocoel, a cuticle, exhibit sexual dimorphism, and may be free living or parasites. They have only one set of muscles, so locomotion is in a thrashing manner.

1a) We inspected male and female Ascaris, or common human parasitic round worms. You should be able to differentiate between male and female, and be able to locate the mouth, anus, cloacal opening, vulva.

1b) Prepared Ascaris c.s., refer to Fig. 2 and Atlas 94e. Label the pseudocoelom, cuticle, intestine, ovary, muscles, and uterus. Note that these rascals have a ventral nerve cord. (omit)

1c) Prepared slide of Trichinella spiralis, demonstrating encysted roundworm larva found in mammal skeletal muscle. This parasite causes trichinosis. Refer to Atlas 96a.

1d) Note other preserved specimens such as pin worms, hook worms, heart worms, and common dog round worms.

Phylum Rotifera – “Wheel animals”. Microscopic freshwater, cosmopolitan, pseudocoelomates.

2a) Prepared Philodina slide, refer to Fig. 1 and Atlas 96b –96d. Label the corona and cilia, mastax, and foot.

2b) View and enjoy the live Rotifers if available.

Phylum Annelida – “segmented worms”. These members exhibit metamerism, or segmentation, allowing for division of labor. They have a true coelom, exhibit some amount of cephalization, and have a complete digestive system Most members are hermaphroditic.

There are 3 primary classes:

Earthworms:

3a. We performed our first dissection on Lumbricus, the common earthworm or night crawler. Visual inspection demonstrates bilateral symmetry, the clitellum, mouth, setae, and the anus. Important and easily visible structures we observed during the dissection include the mouth, brain and ganglion (very small not easily visible), the hearts, seminal vesicles (male reproduction) and seminal receptacles (female reproduction), the pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestines. Also visible is the dorsal blood vessel. Careful removal of some of the previous organs shows the ventral blood vessel and the ventral nerve cord. Note Fig. 4 & 5, Atlas p. 99.

3b. Prepared slide, earthworm c.s.. Compare to the roundworm c.s., refer to Fig. 6, Atlas Fig. 99e. Note the ventral and dorsal blood vessels, 2 layers of muscles, ventral nerve cord, and coelom. (omit)

Sandworms: We briefly discussed the Atlantic coast marine worm Nereis.

3c. View the preserved specimens and Fig. 7.

Leeches: Often external parasites that ingest blood for nutrition, leeches have a posterior and anterior sucker for attachment to their host. Of interest are medicinal leeches still being used (see below).

3d. View the preserved specimens.

Lab 4

Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Echinodermata

Arthropoda – “jointed foot”

These organisms have had the greatest “biological success”. Be familiar with the adaptations that have led to their success:

Classes of Arthropods: (Photo atlas p. 101 - 104)

1. Trilobites: (no illustration, make a drawing and mental note)

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

2. Insects: (fig. 1, 103a photo atlas)

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

3. Crustaceans: (fig. 2, 101a-b photo atlas)

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

4. Chelicerates (arachnids): (104c photo atlas)

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

5. Multi-legged arthropods: (104a-b photo atlas)

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

Mollusca – “soft body”

Constitutes the second largest phylum and contains the largest of all invertebrate, the giant squid.

Be sure you can recite the 4 basic characteristics:

Classes of Mollusks: (97 -98 photo atlas)

1. Bivalves:

a. Be sure you can label the structures we discuss on figure 3, and be able to recognize representative bivalves.

2. Gastropods: (98c photo atlas)

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

3. Chitons: (no illustration, draw and make a mental note) ((omit this class))

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

4. Cephalopods: (98d-e photo atlas)

a. Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts:

Echinodermata – “spiny skin”

Distinguishing characteristics and interesting facts: (p. 105 - 107 photo atlas)

1. Be able to name specimens shown by phylum and common name.

2. Dissection of the sea star, detail emphasized as time permits. (fig. 4 & 5, 105a-c photo atlas) (omit dissection, but note detail we discussed concerning both internal and external detail)

Remember, you are responsible for the detail we discussed in lab, this is only a review. That's it for lab practical 1; enjoy.......................

Review for Lab Practical 2, spring '06

Lab 6: Phylum Chordata and Embryonic Development

Phylum Chordata

State the 4 primary characteristic of Chordates:

The phylum is divided into 3 subphyla: (p. 7.16)

Subphylum Urochordata (state description and representatives):

Preserved specimens of sea squirts and tunicates.
Prepared slide of “Tunicate larvum”. Label the 4 characteristics of Chordates. (fig. 1)

Subphylum Cephalochordata (state description and representatives):

1. Preserved specimens of Amphioxus.

2. Amphioxus prepared slide. Label the 4 characteristics of Chordata. (fig. 2, Atlas 108b)

Subphylum Vertebrata: The dorsal nerve cord is surrounded by vertebrate, called a backbone.

Superclass Agnatha:

1. Preserved specimens of sea lamprey.

2. Prepared slide of ammocoetes (sea lamprey). Label the 4 characteristics of Chordata. (Fig. 3, Atlas fig. 109a).

Superclass Gnathostamata:

State representatives and unique characteristics of the following classes:

Class Chondrichthyes:

Class Osteichthyes:

Class Amphibia:

Class Reptilia:

Class Aves:

Class Mammalia:

*Note: Review the Scientific classification of the frog and human.

Embryology and Development

Human sperm smear prepared slide. Label the head, middle piece, and tail; and state function of each.

Embryonic Development (of the sea star). See p. 140 in the Atlas.

Early cleavage prepared slide (2 to 16 cells)
Late cleavage prepared slide (16 to 32 cells) *known as the morula stage
Blastula prepared slide (hollow sphere containing a fluid-filled cavity). Label the blastocoel.
Gastrula prepared slide. Label the old blastocoel and the archenteron.

Time permitting, begin the frog dissection, Lab 7.

Lab 7; Chordates II and Dissections

The object of this lab is to learn, compare and contrast external and internal structures and organs of an amphibian and mammal. Also, with aid from the handout and lab book, be able to associate general visceral organs we discuss with their specific animal system they are associated with and function of said animal system.

Amphibian (frog) dissection: p. 7.1, lab book.

We will follow p. 7.1 – 7.3 closely in the dissection. Fig. 1 – 3 will be useful, as well as Atlas p. 111 – 113.

Oral cavity (also refer to 6.4): Note the teeth, internal nares, eustachian aperture, tongue, glottis, esophagus

General visceral organs: lungs, liver, gall bladder, stomach, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, spleen, kidney, pancreas, fat bodies, testes, ovaries, oviduct, cloaca

Mammal (fetal pig) dissection: Atlas p. 115 –119.

Oral cavity (Atlas fig. 117a): hard and soft palates, esophagus, epiglottis, glottis, tongue

General visceral organs: larynx, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, thyroid gland, heart, diaphragm, liver, lungs, stomach, spleen, pancreas, urinary bladder, large and small intestines, umbilical arteries and veins, gall bladder, kidneys, ovaries, oviduct, uterus, testis, epididymis

Information for Lab Practical 3 begins here. Happy studying.......

Lab 9

Fern Allies, Ferns, and Mosses

This lab begins an investigation of the interesting "world of plants". Plants evolved from green algae, of which they share many charaqcteristics. Review "said" characteristics:

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae:

Review the basic terminology of plants we discussed at the beginning of lab:

I. Alternation of Generations:

A. Gametophyte:

B. Sporophyte:

II. Vascular systems:

A. Xylem:

B. Phloem:

III. Plant Evolution: list the representatives we discussed by common name(s) and Division. (Remember, you should be able to re-recognize the representatives we viewed):

A. Nonvascular plants:

B. Seedless vascular plants (Tracheophytes):

IV. Moss life cycle:

A. Dominant generation:

B. Sporophyte: (where does meiosis occur?)

C. Terms and slides we viewed:

1. protonema:

2. archegonia:

3. antheridia:

4. moss capsule:

IV. Club moss reproduction:

A. Review the slide of Selaginella (Resurrection Plant) and note the microspores and megaspores. This plant is considered heterosporous, in that it produces 2 types of spores, similar to higher plants.

Lab 10

First we will finish last weeks lab by discussing Division Pteridophyta:
Life cycle of ferns: Review references and check the slides 1) Fern gametophye or archegonia and 2) Fern sporangium

Plant Tissues

As are animals, plants are made up of tissues which form organs. You should be familiar with the three organs of plants, and their respective functions.

Primary organs:

leaf:

stem:

root:

There are three primary groups of tissues, and we looked and discussed representative types of tissues for each primary groups. Listed below are the primary groups (roman numbered) and selected cell types that make up the tissues. You should know the “function of” and be able to recognize on the slides we viewed: the primary organs, primary tissue type, and cell type that makes up the organs and primary tissues.

Primary tissues and cell types that make up the tissues:

I. Meristematic tissue:

A. Note the slide labeled “Coleus stem tip”, label the structures we discussed.

II. Epidermal tissue:

A. Note the slide labeled “Tradescantia (spider-wort) Epidermis”, and label the structures we discussed.

B. Note the slide labeled “root hairs”. What is the function of root hairs?

III. Fundamental tissue:

A. Chlorenchyma cells - Note the slide labeled “Ligustrum (privet) leaf”, and label the structures we discussed.

B. Parenchyma cells – Note the slide labeled “Ranunculus mature root” (common dicot), and label the structures we discussed.

C. Collenchyma – Note the slide labeled “Typical monocot stem, corn”, and label the structures we discussed.

D. Vascular Tissue:

1. Xylem – note the slide “Pinus wood”, radial section, and label the structures we discussed. Also, be able to recognize the xylem tissue in the previous slides.

2. Phloem – be able to locate the phloem tissue in the previous slides and organs

Lab 11: Seed Plants; Vegetative Structures

This lab discusses seed plant’s vegetative structures, which correspond to a plants primary organs. Although called vegetative, these structures in many plants are able to reproduce a-sexually. The term “vegetable” refers to root, stem, and leaf foods. Review the function of the 3 primary vegetative structures (organs).

Primary vegetative structures:

leaf:

stem:

root:

Seed plants are divided (as you should be well familiar with by now) into Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into Monocots and Dicots. By now you should be able to give examples of both (remember, all monocots are herbaceous, all hardwood trees ((non-gymnosperms)) are dicots).

State the primary differences between:

Monocots Dicots

I. Whole plant vegetative structures: Review the structures we labeled on figure 2.

II. Leaves:

A. Review the mesophytic adapted leaf, “Ligustrum leaf” slide, and recognize the structures we labeled.

B. Note the slide “Pine needle”, a needle-like leaf adapted to xeric conditions (Gymnosperms).

III. Apical Meristem:

A. Review the slide of Coleus stem tip.

B. Review figure 6, the regions of a root.

IV. Stems:

A. Dicot herbaceous stem: Be able to recognize a typical herbaceous stem, and label the structures we discussed. Review the Ranunculus stem slide.

B. Monocot stem: Re-examine the “corn stem slide’, and label the structures we discussed.

C. Dicot woody stem: Review the Tilia (basswood) slide. Be able to recognize spring wood, summer wood, xylem, phloem, vascular cambium, and bark.

V. Roots:

A. Review the typical dicot root slide, Ranunculus, and label the structures we discussed.

B. Be able to distinguish between monocot and dicot roots, i.e. tap root and fibrous roots.

Lab 12, Seed Plant Reporduction

This lab explores how seed plants sexually reproduce, and we discussed both Gymnosperm and Angiosperm reproduction. Gymnosperm reproduction is quite complex and often takes as long as 2 ½ years. Staminate cones produce pollen grains that protect and disperse the sperm cells (microspores); ovulate cones produce and house the megaspores (egg cells). Internal development of the seed occurs within the ovulate cone, and the seed is wind dispersed when matured and the ovulate cones open, becoming the familiar pine cone.

Angiosperms reproduce via flowers, and the ovary wall of the flower develops into the fruit, so, Angiosperm seeds are always enclosed within a fruit. Flowers have 4 primary structures, composed in whirls. The flower formula is the number of each individual structure. The structures, arranged from outside to inside the flower, are the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils (carpals).

Lab Activities and Practice:

Draw a pine staminate cone and an ovulate cone, Fig. 1.
Draw the pine staminate cone prepared slide and label the pollen grains. Meiosis occurs within the pollen sac.
Draw the pine ovulate cone prepared slide and label the ovule, which houses the seed, Fig. 4 & 5.
Draw the live pollen grain I showed you microscopically. Label the wings and the pollen grain.
Refer to Figure 9 and sketch a simple flower, labeling all structures illustrated.
Draw a typical monocot seed and label the seed coat, endosperm, and the embryo. Fig. 12.
Draw a typical dicot seed and label the seed coats, embryo, and endosperm. Fig. 13.

That's it for Lab Exam 3, happy studying.........

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