5 Kingdom Classification System

Kingdom Monera Divisions

Kingdom Protista Divisions

Kingdom Fungi Divisions

Kingdom Animalia Phyla
Kingdom Plantae Divisions

Kingdom Monera:  Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that often form filaments or colonies. 

Major Divisions include: 

            Archaebacteria (primitive, mostly chemoautotrophic bacteria). 

            Eubacteria:

                 1. true bacteria: primarly decomposers, all heterotrophic.  Classified by shape: bacillis, coccus, or spirillis.

           Cyanobacteria:  photoautotrophic, important components of phytoplankton, exhibit N fixation by specialized cells called heterocyst.  Nostoc is a common example.

(All of the remaining Kingdoms consist of eukaryotic cells)

Kingdom Protista:  Mostly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms; Two primary divisions:

    Protozoans (animal like Protists), several phyla, heterotorphic, classified via their form of locomotion:

         Flagellated Protozoans (Zoomastigina) - Trichonympha, Trypanosoma

         Ciliated Protozoans (Ciliophora) - Paramecium

         Amoeboid Protozoans (Sarcodina), locomotion via pseudopodia - Amoeba, Radiolarians, Foraminiferans

    Algae (Plant like Protists), several phyla, classified via color, autotrophic:

         Euglenas (Euglenophyta), may be either heterotrophic or autotrophic, have a flagella and chlorophyll -       Euglena, etc.

        Golden algae (Chrysophyta), Diatoms

        Fire Algae (Pyrrophyta), Dinoflagellates

        Red Algae (Rhodophyta), several examples

        Brown Algae (Phaeophyta), many types of kelps, Fucus and Sargassum

        Green Allgae (Chlorophyta), usually fresh water, many kinds, Spirogyra

Kingdom Fungi:  Multicellular heterotrophic organisms, mostly decomposers; mushrooms, molds, mildews, fungal blights, ringworm, etc., lots of examples.  Below are listed the primary Divisions (Phyla) we discussed in class.  Fungi are classified via the mode of sexual reproduction, they reproduce via spores:

     Division Zygomycota, zygote fungi:  Mostly bread and fruit molds and rot.  Reproduce sexually via zygospores, asexually via sporangia.  Rhizopus is a common genus we discuss and the cause of black bread mold.  Also important are mycorrhizal fungi, which grow on plant roots and participate in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship; and many other molds and rot that appear on fruits and vegetables.

     Division Ascomycota, sac fungi:  Examples include the chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease, the mold ergot, powdery mildews, yeast, morels, cup fungi, and truffles.  Reproduce sexually via ascospores.

     Division Basidiomycota, club fungi:  Examples include smuts and rust, common edible mushrooms, shelf or bracket fungi, puffballs, bird's nest fungi, many others.  Also poisonous and hallucinogenic mushrooms such as the Amanita spp. (fly agaric, also known as "Death Angel") and psilocybin producing "shrooms".  Reproduce sexually via basidiospores.

    *Division Deuteromycota, imperfect fungi:  The sexual reproductive cycle has not been defined.  Examples include many molds, including Penicillium, and serious plant and animal pathogens such as ringworm and athlete's feet.  (*may or may not have discussed in class due to time restraints).

Kingdom Plantae:  Autotrophic organisms (photosynthesis), multicellular, non-motile.
     Nonvascular Plants
     Division Bryophyta: liverworts, mosses

     Seedless Vascular Plants

     Division Psilotophyta: whisk ferns
     Division Lycopodophyta: club mosses

     Division Equisetophyta: horsetails
     Division Pteridophyta: ferns

     Seed Vascular Plants

     Gymnosperms (non-flowering plants)
     Division Pinophyta: conifers
     Division Cycadophyta: cycads
     Division Ginkgophyta: Ginkos
     Division Gnetophyta: gnetophytes
     Angiosperms (flowering plants)
     Division Magnoliophyta
          Class Dicotyledons - dicots

          Class Monocotyledons - monocots
    

Kingdom Animalia:  heterotrophic, multicellular, usually motile organisms.

     Phylum:

     (Invertebrates)

      Porifera – sponges

     Cnidaria – Potugese-man-of-war, jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals

     Platyhelminthes – flatworms, e. g., planarians, flukes, tapeworms

     Nematoda – roundworms

     Rotifera – rotifers

     Mollusca – chitons, snails, slugs, clams, oysters, mussels, squids, octopuses
          Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

          Gastropods: snails, sea slugs, etc.
          Cephalopods: squids, octopuses, nautilus, etc.

     Annelida – segmented worms, e.g., clam worms, earthworms, leeches

     Arthropoda – spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, millipede, centipedes, insects
          Crustaceans: (shell fish), lobsters, crabs, copepods, barnacles, crayfish, shrimps, etc.
          Insects: housefly, butterfly, beetle, grasshopper, dragonfly, etc.
          Multi-legged arthropods: centipedes, millipedes 
          Arachnids: (Chelicerates, spiders) scorpion, black widow, horseshoe crab, ticks, mites, etc.

     Echinodermata – sea lilies, sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

      Chordata:

          Subphylum:

          Urochordata – tunicates, sea squirts

          Cephalachordata – lancelets

          (Vertebrates)

          Vertebrata

               Superclass Agnatha – jawless fishes, e.g., lampreys, hagfishes

               Superclass Gnathostamata – jawed fishes, all tetrapods

                    Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes, e.g., sharks, skates, rays

                    Class Osteichthyes – bony fishes, e.g., catfish, bass, salmon, flounder, etc.

                    Class Amphibia – frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians

                    Class Reptilia – snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles          

                    Class Aves – birds

                    Class Mammalia - mammals

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