1010 Lab Topics Review
The following review is a summary, and does not mention all
of the detail we discussed in lab.
You are responsible for all of the detail we discussed in lab. Also refer to
the lab illustrations page and the 5 Kingdom Classification Page when
applicable.
Lab 1
How Scientist Work:
The Scientific Method
This lab discusses the Scientific Method, investigates scientific processes, and discusses attitudes of Scientists. This week’s lab review should include the following:
Lab 2; Use of the Microscope
1. Who is the “father” of microscopy?
Circa?
2. Types of scopes:
a. dissecting light microscope:
b. compound light microscope:
c. electron microscope:
3. Review and know the rules for handling and storing the microscopes:
4. You should know the parts of a microscope we discussed:
5. Review the magnification of the objectives and the total magnification of each objective:
6. Who discovered the cell? Circa?
7. Distinguish between, label the structures we discussed, and re-recognize plant and animal cells.
8. Be able to re-recognize organisms we viewed and discussed from the “pond water”. (OMIT)
Lab 3, Organic Molecules
This lab reviewed basic organ compounds, and utilizing experimental science, we discerned basic organic molecules in certain foods.
I.
Carbohydrates:
A. monomers
(monosaccharides):
1. glucose (function and chemical
equation):
2. fructose (function and chemical
equation):
B.
disaccharides:
1. maltose (function and chemical equation):
2. sucrose (function and chemical equation):
3.
lactose (function and chemical equation):
C.
polysaccharides:
1. starch (function and basic composition):
2. glycogen (function and basic composition):
3.
cellulose (function and basic composition):
II.
Proteins:
A. monomers:
B. polymers
(polypeptides):
C. basic
functions of proteins:
III.
Lipids:
A. monomers:
B. polymers (we only
discussed fats and oils):
1.
Insoluble in water (why?):
2.
Emulsification:
Experimental process: you should review reagents used and colors indicating positive, or the presence of said organic compound:
Results: Although some results varied in certain labs,
you should have noticed the following trends:
Fruits and vegetables tend to have carbs, few proteins or lipids (but lots of
minerals and vitamins).
Animal products tend to have proteins and lipids, few carbs.
Processed foods, milk, and eggs tend to have lipids, usually proteins.
Lab 4, Molecular Movement Across Cell (Plasma) Membranes
You should be able to define the following terms:
Diffusion:
Osmosis:
Solution:
Kinetic Energy (Brownian Movement):
Tonicity:
Isotonic:
Hypertonic:
Hypotpnic:
You should also understand how the following demonstrations/experiments were conducted, and be able to explain why we got the results we did, utilizing the above terms:
I.
Potato Plug Demonstration (osmosis):
A. Why did the
plug lose weight and length that was immersed in a hypertonic solution:
B. Why did the plug gain weight and length that was immersed in a hypotonic solution:
II.
Petri dish and diffusion demonstration:
A. We measured
the rates of diffusion of two compounds, methylene blue and potassium
permanganate. Why did the potassium permanganate diffuse further and
faster than methylene blue?
III.
Dialysis Experiment (osmosis and diffusion):
A. Why did the
dialysis bag, filled with a starch/glucose solution gain weight when immersed in
a hypotonic solution (distilled water); and does this demonstration emphasize
diffusion, kinetic energy, and/or osmosis:
B. Why did the outside solution (distilled water placed in the beaker) end up positive for glucose and negative for starch, and does this part of the demonstration emphasize diffusion, kinetic energy, and/or osmosis.
IV.
Kinetic Energy (Brownian Movement) demonstration:
A. I trust all of us
microscopically viewed the Brownian Movement. The demonstration was set up
by immersing ink in milk, and we could actually see kinetic energy movement of
aggregates of ink molecules. If you did not see it, you will on the
upcoming practical.
V. Osmosis Demonstration in
the Osmometer:
A. Why did the level of the syrup in the osmometer rise?
Taxonomy
Lab 5
Define Scientific Taxonomy:
Who is the "father" of the Scientific binomial nomenclature:
Classify humans, beginning with the Kingdom:
Kingdom ___________________
Phylum ___________________
Class ___________________
Order ____________________
Family _____________________
Genus species _____________ _______________
Review the 5 Kingdoms and give examples (see 5 Kingdom
Classification System located under Lab Information):
Monera:
Protista:
Fungi:
Plantae:
Animalia:
How does one use a biological dichotomous key? (OMIT)
You should be able to re-key the trees we rehearsed during
your lab time!!! (OMIT)
Lab Practical (exam) next week over labs 1 - 5!!!!!!!!!!!!
Information for Lab Practical 1 ends here; Information for Lab Practical 2 Begins here:
Lab 7, Mitosis and Meiosis
This lab gives us a hands-on view of Interphase and stages of Mitosis, comparisons between plant and animal mitosis, and an exercise to help understand Meiosis.
You should microscopically determine whether a cell is an animal or plant, Interphase or Mitosis, and if Mitosis, which stage.
I. Draw and describe
important events that occur during the cell cycle:
A.
Interphase:
(Mitosis)
B.
Prophase:
C. Metaphase:
D. Anaphase:
E. Telophase:
F.
Cytokinesis:
1.
Plant cells:
2.
Animal cells:
II. Meiosis; Review and be able to draw or recognize the following important events (refer to the Meiosis summary in the text book):
A. In a cell with a ploidy number of 2N=4, draw homologous chromosomes that have synapsed, and line them up for Metaphase I. *Note: the method of determining if a cell is in mitosis or meiosis at the beginning of the cycles depends on whether synapsis has occurred.
B. Separate the homologous chromosomes during Anaphase I.
C.
Draw the resulting cells at the conclusion of Telophase I and
interkinesis.
D.
Draw the sister chromatids as they line up for Metaphase II.
E.
Separate the sister chromatids during Anaphase II.
F. Draw the resulting gametes and
daughter chromosomes after the conclusion of Telophase II and cytokinesis. You
should have four resulting cells, similar but not identical to the parent cell,
with a ploidy number of 1N=2.
Lab 8, Genetics
Since we are thoroughly discussing this topic in lecture, this review is simple
and basically overlaps lecture info.
I.
Review our basic Genetics terms, see the lecture review.
II. Understand how you derived your genotypes on our "Personal Genetics Profile".
II. Be able to work basic genetics problems as we did in class, including blood type questions and X or sex-linked questions and problems. The problems we did not work in class lab are an excellent review, as well as additional problems in the text book.
Lab 9,
Evolution
During this brief introduction into the fascinating topic of evolution, I
re-emphasized the importance of Evolution to Science, especially Biology,
because evolution explains both the unity of life and the great diversity
of life. Why does evolution explain
both the unity and diversity of life?
Define Evolution:
Concerning the film "Age of Rocks", how are fossils used as evidence of evolution? When addressing this question, be sure to state that a) the oldest fossils are the most simple organisms, such as those found at the bottom of the Grand Canyon as compared to those found toward the top; and b) fossils found in various rock layers (strata) are usually composed of different organisms, illustrating species evolve and become extinct over time.
For our one activity (that took most of the lab for some of us), we demonstrated that the history of life on this planet has taken many years, and that evolution is a slow process.
You should be able to reconstruct the Geological Time Scale, associating "mya" with the 4 Era's we discussed, and state the major evolutionary events we discussed (you should have written them on the tape in the hall) in order, in Era.
Era mya and major evolutionary event
Cenozoic Era:
Mesozoic Era:
Paleozoic Era:
Precambrian Era:
Notes of interest:
1.
Prokaryotic (archaebacteria and bacteria) cells was the first life to arise, and
dominated this planet from about 3.2 bya to 700 mya, during the Precambrian Era.
2.
The first eukaryotic cells, probably in the form of Protist, arose about 700 mya,
late in the Precambrian Era.
3.
Plants arose on land before animals could, during the Paleozoic Era.
4.
Amphibians were the first terrestrial animals, although they were (are still)
closely associated with water for survival, during the Paleozoic Era.
5.
Reptiles were the first terrestrial animals not dependent on water (except for
bodily intake), late in the Paleozoic Era.
6.
Birds evolved from dinosaurs during the Mesozoic Era, known as the Era of the
dinosaurs.
7.
Although mammals arose about the same time as dinosaurs early in the Mesozoic
Era, mammals did not start accelerated diversification and dominance until the
Cenozoic Era, known as the Era of mammals.
8.
The first primate arose late in the Mesozoic Era, about 70 mya. The first
hominid did not arise until a few (4 or so) mya. Our species, Homo
sapiens, dates back at least a mere 100,000 years.
Information for Lab Practical 2 ends here.
Review for Lab Practical 3, fall '05
Lab 10, Photosynthesis and Biodiversity This lab review is simple:
I. Photosynthesis:
1. Write
the photosynthesis equation, and explain occurrances in the LDR and LIR (Calvin
Cycle).
Include reactants broken down and products
formed during said processes of photosynthesis. How does the LDR "drive"
the LIR?
2. Explain where photosynthesis occurs, describe the 2 primary groups of plant pigments, and specific plant pigments that occur in each group. (What are the specific plant pigment colors, and what causes "fall golden colors" in deciduous flora?)
II. I hope you enjoyed one more overview of the 5 Kingdoms. Detail up-coming the next 2 labs concerning Kingdoms Monera, Protista, and Fungi..................
Concerning the following 2 labs, 2 additional sources; 5 Kingdom Classification System and Lab Illustrations, both located in the Lab Info page on this web, will be useful.
Lab 11, Monera and
Protozoan Protistans
The objective of this lab is for you to discuss, classify,
and re-recognize the following examples:
I. Kingdom Monera; State the basic
characteristics:
Monera has 3 primary divisions:
1. Archaebacteria:
Understand the small amount of detail we discussed in lab. Since we did not
"look" at this group, more detail upcoming in lecture.
2. Eubacteria: Even
though this group of organisms can cause devastating disease in all organisms,
why could most life not survive without this important group of organisms?
Explain.
A. Classified
via shape; be able to re-recognize the following shapes and examples that we
discussed:
1. bacillis:
2. coccus:
3. spirillis:
3. Cyanobacteria; photosynthetic bacteria: Our representative is Nostoc. Be able to re-recognize via live or prepared slide. Explain and re-recognize the difference between heterocyst and vegetative cells. What is N fixxing?
II. Kingdom Protista; state the basic characteristics:
Protista has 2 primary divisions: 1. Protozoans
(animal-like), and 2. Algae (plant-like)
1. Protozoans, classified via locomotion, 3
groups:
a. Flagellated protozoans -
Re-recognize and discuss the following examples:
1.
Trypanosoma (cause of African Sleeping Sickness):
2.
Trychonymphya:
b. Cilliated protozoans - Re-recognize
and discuss the following examples:
1.
Paramecium, live and prepared slides
c. "Amoeboid like" Protozoans -
Locomote via ____________, which is _____________________.
1.
Amoebas: live and prepared slides
2.
Radiolarians: shelled amoebas, re-recognize
Remember, we are picking up on the 2nd major
Division of Kingdom Protista.
Algae (plant-like protists)
1.
Euglenoid like Protistans (both heterotrophic and autotrophic), motile
via a flagella
a. Review both prepared and live
slides of Euglena.
2.
Brown Algae
a. Define kelps:
b. Recognize both Sargassum
and Fucus from herberium sheets.
3.
Red Algae
a. Recognize herberium sheets
from this mostly small and delicate group of alga.
4.
Golden Algae
a. State the economic importance
of Diatoms (remember diatomaceous earth?):
b. Recognize the prepared slide
of Diatoms:
5.
Green Algae (often called pond scum, occurs primarily in fresh water):
a. Recognize colonial forms of
green algae from the herberium sheets:
b. Recognize the live and
prepared slides of Spirogyra.
Kingdom Fungi - State the basic characteristics:
Define mycology:
State and draw the primary structures of fungus, including
the fruiting body (stipe ((stalk)), pileus, gills) and vegetative structures (hyphae and
mycelium):
Major Divisions (you should be familiar with the following Scientific names of the Divisions, and remember fungi are classified via mode of sexual reproduction):
You are responsible for the examples of each division we discuss. See the 5 Kingdom Classification System page and the Lab Illustrations Web Page for out-of-class help.
A.
Zycomycota (known as zygote fungi): reproduces a-sexually how and
sexually how –
1. Our primary representative is
common bread mold, Rhizopus. Also occurring in this group are
mycorrhizal fungi as well as many fruit and vegetable molds and rot.
2. Recognize the Rhizopus
prepared slide illustrating sporangia and zygospores.
3.
Recognize “live” Rhizopus from the dissecting scope (if
available), including the mycelium and sporangia.
B.
Ascomycota (known as sac fungi):
1. Examples you should recognize
from lab include yeast (via live slide), morels, and cup fungi. Also
occurring in this group is the chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease, mold
ergot (see illustration), powdery mildews, and truffles
2. Review the slide Peziza,
a common cup mushroom, illustrating the ascospores formed.
C.
Basidiomycota (known as club fungi):
1. Examples you should recognize
from lab include common mushrooms, shelf or bracket fungi, puffballs, and
Amanita spp. (Death Angel), oyster mushrooms, tooth mushroom. Also of interest in this group are
psilocybin producing "shrooms".
2. Review the slide Coprinus,
a common mushroom, and recognize the basidiospores.
D. Deuteromycota
(imperfect fungi):
1. Our examples include
common human parasitic diseases such as athlete's feet and ringworm.
E. Lichens:
1. Re-recognize lichens and state the two organisms and
their respective functions that comprise this mutualistic symbiotic
relationship.
That's it for Lab Practical 3.