BIOLOGY 2230
MICROBIOLOGY
FALL, SPRING AND SUMMER
SEMESTERS
DESCRIPTION: An introductory course in microbiology which includes
morphology, bacterial metabolism, cultivation, isolation, genetics, physiology,
pathogenesis, immunity, and control of microorganisms. Bacteriological and aseptic techniques are
emphasized in the laboratory. Three lecture,
three laboratory hours per week.
PREREQUISITE: Successful
completion of BIOL 1110 (BIO 261) or BIOL 2010 (BIO 231) with a grade of C or
better.
INSTRUCTORS: Mr. Ron Hackney Warf 100D 615-230-3271
Mr. Rufus Darden Livingston Campus 615-230-5200
Mr. Daniel Walker Warf 107A 615-230-3534
OFFICE HOURS ARE POSTED OUTSIDE THE OFFICE DOOR. REACH YOUR INSTRUCTOR BY PHONE OR LEAVE A VOICEMAIL MESSAGE BY CALLING THE MAIN CAMPUS NUMBER 615. 452.8600 AND ENTERING THE EXTENSION NUMBER.
TEXTBOOK/REQUIRED MATERIALS: Microbiology: A Systems Approach 2nd
ed. by
Cowan and Talaro; Microbiology Laboratory Manual
by Hackney
RECOMMENDED: A Photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory, 3rd edition, Leboffe & Pierce
THESE
MATERIALS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE CAMPUS BOOKSTORE.
PRIMARY The
primary goal of this course is to impart a basic
EDUCATIONAL understanding
of the requirements, structural characteristics, and activities
GOALS of
the various groups of microbes which share man's environment; to gain knowledge of the beneficial effects of
microbes as well as their role in the disease process; and to master the
appropriate techniques for examination, isolation, transfer, and cultivation of
microbes.
PRIMARY Students
successfully completing this course will have
EDUCATIONAL demonstrated
an acceptable level of understanding of the
OUTCOMES basic
requirements, structural and functional characteristics of microbes; beneficial
effects and role of microbes in disease; and techniques required in working
with microorganisms. Such students will
have acquired a sufficient background for pursuit of additional coursework in
microbiology.
OTHER This
course will also promote continued
improvement of
GOALS communication
skills; application of the scientific method; and deductive reasoning,
especially in the interpretation of data from laboratory experiments.
OUTCOME Upon completion of this course, the student will have
demonstrated an acceptable ability to:
STATEMENTS
1.
Define
microbiology and microorganism.
2.
Explain
eight characteristics of living systems.
3.
Describe
the three basic modes of nutrition.
4.
Distinguish
between sexual and asexual reproduction.
5.
List at
least four beneficial activities of microbes.
6.
Define
normal flora and pathogen.
7.
Describe
the six major groups of microorganisms.
8.
Distinguish
between procaryotes and eucaryotes.
9.
Explain
the origin, purpose, and procedure for assigning scientific names.
10.
Explain
Whittaker's five kingdom system of classification.
11.
Explain
the basis for the Woese-Fox three domain system of
classification.
12.
List the
contributions of the following to the germ theory of disease: Fracastoro, Jenner, Lister, Koch, Pasteur and Fleming.
13.
List the
contribution of the Janssen brothers and Leeuwenhoek to the field microscopy.
14.
Define the
metric units employed in the measurement of microorganisms.
15.
Explain
the function of the following parts of the compound light microscope: iris diaphragm, condenser, objectives, and
ocular.
16.
Define
resolution, total magnification, contrast and numerical aperture.
17.
Describe
the relationship between resolution, wavelength and numerical aperture.
18.
Explain
how oil immersion improves the resolution of the microscope.
19.
List,
describe, and give the advantages for five special types of microscopy.
20.
List three
purposes of staining.
21.
Define chromogen, auxochrome, dye,
smear, fixation, and mordant.
22.
Distinguish
between acidic and basic dyes based upon composition and use.
23.
Briefly
explain the chemical reaction that occurs during positive and negative stains.
24.
Distinguish
between simple stains, differential stains and special stains.
25.
List the
steps involved in aseptic technique and explain why it is necessary.
26.
Describe
the structure and function(s) of the following bacterial components: plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule,
flagella, pili, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
nucleoid, plasmids, fimbriae
and cell inclusions.
27.
Distinguish
between atrichous, monotrichous,
multitrichous, amphitrichous,
lophotrichous, and peritrichous
bacteria.
28.
Define glycocalyx, slime layer, biofilms
and colony.
29.
Describe
four types of cell inclusions.
30.
Define endospore and explain the process of sporulation
and germination.
31.
List two
major genera of endospore‑forming bacteria.
32.
Explain
the differences between gram‑positive and gram‑negative cell walls.
33.
Distinguish
between simple stains, differential stains and special stains.
34.
Describe
the procedure and chemical basis of the simple stain, gram stain, and acid‑fast
stain.
35.
Describe
the method for heat fixing a smear and explain why fixation is necessary.
36.
List the
medically important genus of acid‑fast bacteria.
37.
Describe
the major shapes of bacteria and give the scientific terms for each.
38.
List and
describe the common arrangements found in the bacilli and cocci.
39.
Describe
the distinctive features of cyanobacteria, green and
purple sulfur bacteria, and archaea.
40.
Compare
and contrast the prokaryotic flagella, ribosomes and
chromosomes with those of eukaryotes.
41.
List nine
factors required by all organisms and briefly explain why each is essential.
42.
Distinguish
between chemically defined (synthetic) and complex media.
43.
Describe
the content and use of all‑purpose media, enriched media, selective
media, and differential media.
44.
Explain
the source and function of agar.
45.
Distinguish
between mixed cultures and pure cultures and describe two pure culture
techniques.
46.
Define
acid, base, pH, and buffer.
47.
Briefly
explain how changes in pH inhibit microbial growth.
48.
Define autotroph, heterotroph, chemotroph, phototroph and saproprobe.
49.
List four
groups of bacteria based upon their carbon and energy requirements.
50.
Explain
the difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions; and
explain what happens to microbes when placed in each.
51.
Distinguish
between psychrophiles, mesophiles,
and thermophiles.
52.
Define
aerobe, anaerobe, and capnophile.
53.
Differentiate
between strict aerobes, microaerophiles, facultative
anaerobes, obligate anaerobes, and aerotolerant
anaerobes.
54.
Define
facultative halophile, obligate halophile
and osmophile.
55.
Explain
the difference between symbiotic relationships and nonsymbiotic
associations between microbes.
56.
Explain
three types of symbiotic relationships and two types of nonsymbiotic
associations and identify one example of each.
57.
Describe
the steps in binary fission.
58.
Define
generation time and titer.
59.
List the
four phases of growth of a bacterial culture and describe the events which
occur in each.
60.
Explain
four methods for determining the titer of a culture.
61.
Define
metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, enzyme, substrate, and cofactors.
62.
Describe
the mechanism of enzymatic action.
63.
Explain
the effect of temperature, pH, competitive inhibitors, noncompetitive
inhibitors and concentration of end product on enzyme activity.
64.
Distinguish
between exoenzymes and endoenzymes.
65.
Explain
how enzymes are named.
66.
Describe
two means by which the activity of metabolic pathways may be regulated. Direct
and synthesis
67.
Define phosphorylation and describe three types of phosphorylation.
68.
Describe
the components, reactions, and products of the electron transport system.
69.
Describe
how chemiosmotic processes are utilized in
mitochondria and bacteria to synthesize ATP.
70.
Summarize
the respiration of glucose in a balanced chemical equation.
71.
Explain
glycolysis, transition reaction, and the citric acid cycle in terms of
reactants, products and useable energy (ATP) produced.
72.
Distinguish
between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
73.
Compare
and contrast respiration and fermentation.
74.
Identify
the products of alcoholic, homolactic, and mixed-acid
fermentation.
75.
Compare
and contrast photosynthesis in the algae, cyanobacteria
and photosynthetic bacteria.
76.
Distinguish
between the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis.
77.
Define
virus, viroid, prion,
provirus, reverse transcriptase, bacteriophage, lysogeny, and plaque.
78.
List
several unique characteristics of viruses.
79.
Describe
the structure of a naked virus and an enveloped virus.
80.
Describe
three morphological groups of viruses.
81.
Contrast
replication in naked viruses, enveloped viruses, and bacteriophage.
82.
Distinguish
between lytic and temperate bacteriophage.
83.
Compare
and contrast replication of DNA viruses, RNA viruses, and retroviruses.
84.
Describe
three methods for the cultivation of animal viruses.
85.
Explain
several cytopathic effects associated with viral
infections.
86.
Define oncogenic virus, latent viral infection, and lysogenic conversion.
87.
Define
sterilization, commercial sterilization, microbicidal,
microbiostatic, antiseptic, and disinfectant.
88.
Explain
how the physiological state, number of microbes, concentration, length of
exposure, and environmental conditions affect the action of antimicrobial
agents.
89.
Describe four principal methods of action of
antimicrobial agents.
90.
Explain the
action of moist heat, dry heat, cold, radiation, desiccation and filtration in
controlling microbial growth and list examples of each.
91.
Explain
the action of chlorine compounds, iodine compounds, alcohols, phenol compounds,
chlorhexidine, detergents, heavy metals, and
aldehydes in controlling microbial growth and list examples of each.
92.
Define
chemotherapeutic agent and distinguish between antibiotics, synthetic agents
and semisynthetic agents.
93.
Describe five
principal methods of action for chemotherapeutic agents and list one agent that
utilizes each.
94.
Distinguish
between narrow‑spectrum and broad‑spectrum chemotherapeutic agents.
95.
List
several desirable properties of chemotherapeutic agents. several
96.
Explain
how antimicrobial drugs are related to toxicity, allergies and superinfection.
97.
List the
source, method of action, and spectrum for the penicillins,
polymyxins, cephalosporins,
tetracyclines, streptomycin, and erythromycin.
98.
List two
advantages of the semisynthetic penicillins.
99.
Explain
the general method of action of antifungal agents.
100.
List three
actions of antiviral agents and identify one agent that utilizes each.
101.
Explain
the sources and mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
102.
Describe
the disc sensitivity technique and tube‑dilution technique for
determining the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents.
103.
Define
genetics, gene, mutation, variation, mutant, mutagen, carcinogen,
recombination, genome, promoter, and operon.
104.
Explain the
process of gene expression.
105.
Describe
the basic mechanisms for the transcriptional regulation of inducible and
repressible genes in bacteria.
106.
Distinguish
between genotype and phenotype.
107.
Define
spontaneous mutation, induced mutation, mutagen, point mutation, deletion,
insertion, substitution, and frameshift mutation.
108.
Explain
the mutagenic action of ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, and chemical
mutagens.
109.
List three
possible consequences of a point mutation.
110.
Explain
the Ames test.
111.
List and
briefly explain three methods of DNA transfer in bacteria.
112.
Explain
conjugation involving F+ and Hfr donors,
transformation, generalized transduction, and specialized transduction.
113.
Define
cloning vector and cloning host and identify two cloning vectors and three
cloning hosts.
114.
Describe
the process by which recombinant DNA is produced and introduced into a
genetically modified organism and list some useful products of genetic
engineering.
115.
Define
mycology, hypha, mycelium, dimorphic fungus, spore,
and mycosis.
116.
Describe
three morphological groups of fungi.
117.
Distinguish
between septate and coenocytic hyphae.
118.
Differentiate
between the vegetative and aerial hyphae.
119.
Explain
how sexual spores are produced by fungi and describe three types of sexual
spores.
120.
Describe
two types of asexual spores produced by fungi.
121.
List the
three groups of perfect fungi, their distinguishing characteristics, and at
least one representative from each.
122.
Distinguish
between superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses,
subcutaneous mycoses and systemic mycoses and list one example of each.
123.
List four
beneficial effects of fungi.
124.
Define
intermediate host, definitive host, trophozoite, and
cyst.
125.
List the
four phyla of protozoa, their distinguishing characteristics, and two
representatives of each.
126.
Explain
the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax.
127.
Explain
the cause and transmission of amebic dysentery, ciliary
dysentery, giardiasis, African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, trichomoniasis
and toxoplasmosis.
128.
Define helminth, monoecious, diecious, and cuticle.
129.
List two
groups of flatworms and identify their distinguishing characteristics.
130.
Describe
the anatomy and life cycle of a fluke and a tapeworm. 5
131.
Describe
two fluke infestations and two tapeworm infestations.
132.
List three
characteristics of roundworms which distinguish them from the flatworms.
133.
Describe
the life cycle of Ascaris lumbicoides.
134.
Describe
the method of transmission and damage to host caused by pinworms, hookworms,
and trichina worms.
135.
Define
infection, disease, pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, and opportunist.
136.
List three
functions of the normal flora.
137.
Define pathogenicity and virulence.
138.
Define the
following: infectious disease, nosocomial disease, contagious disease, noncommunicable
disease, acute disease, chronic disease, sporadic disease, endemic disease,
epidemic, pandemic, focal infection, septicemia, secondary infection, subclinical infection, viremia,
epidemiology, and sequela.
139.
Distinguish
between symptoms and signs.
140.
Identify
the four principal portals of entry and list one pathogen that utilizes each.
141.
List and
briefly describe the action of four groups of virulence factors.
142.
Define
toxin, antitoxin, enterotoxin, and toxoid.
143.
Distinguish
between exotoxins and endotoxins
and provide an example of each.
144.
Distinguish
between mechanical vectors and biological vectors.
145.
Explain
how humans, wild and domestic animals, soil and water may act as reservoirs of
disease.
146.
List and
briefly explain four types of contact transmission and three types of vehicle
transmission.
147.
List four
roles of arthropods in producing disease.
148.
Explain
Koch's postulates.
149.
Distinguish
between nonspecific and specific host defenses.
150.
Explain
the protective action of skin, mucus, tears, saliva and gastric juice.
151.
Identify
three groups of phagocytes and explain the steps in phagocytosis.
152.
Describe
the process of inflammation and list the characteristics and benefits of
inflammation.
153.
Explain
the process, cause and benefits of fever.
154.
Explain
the activation of the complement system and list its effects.
155.
Define
antigen, antibody, antigenic determinant sites, humoral
immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
156.
Describe
the structure of an antibody.
157.
Discuss
the response of B cells and T cells.
158.
Distinguish
between innate and acquired immunity and explain four types of acquired
immunity.
159.
List four
types of antigens which comprise vaccines.
160.
Describe
major bacterial and viral diseases in terms of their symptoms, etiology,
transmission, prevention, and treatment.
ASSESSMENT: The achievement of the primary goals of this
course will be determined by the continuous assessment of the stated
outcomes. Student perception of course
goals and outcomes as well as their perceived level of performance will be
monitored by the faculty evaluation questionnaire.
Written
communication skills, ability to utilize the scientific method, and reason
deductively will be assessed by written examinations containing some discussion
questions as well as other types of questions that provide opportunity to
evaluate these secondary goals.
Mastery
of specific outcomes will be determined by lecture examinations, lab quizzes,
and practical laboratory examinations.
Lecture tests consist of several types of questions which measure the
student's memory; understanding; and application of basic facts, concepts, and
terminology. Lab quizzes and tests will
assess the student's ability to identify major morphological, structural, and
physiological characteristics of microorganisms; perform appropriate microbiological
techniques; and to interpret data from laboratory experiments.
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES:
A. GRADING:
The lecture grade for this course will be the average of scores earned
on four or five lecture examinations. The grade obtained on the comprehensive final
may be substituted for a missed or lower lecture exam grade. Your instructor will determine the specific
topics to be covered on each test. The
final lecture exam will be given during the scheduled final examination period
published by the college.
Several
short quizzes will be given in the laboratory during the semester. The
average score on these quizzes will count one‑fourth of the lab grade.
Three larger practical laboratory exams will each count one‑fourth of the
lab grade. A student with no
missed quizzes will be allowed to drop his/her lowest quiz grade.
The
lecture average will be 60%, the comprehensive final exam will be 10% and the
lab average 30% of the final grade earned for this course. The symbols or grades to be assigned in this
course and their numerical values are as follows:
A = 90 ‑ 100 average on all work
B = 80 ‑ 89 average on all work
C = 70 ‑ 79 average on all work
D = 60 ‑ 69 average on all work
F = Below 60
I = Incomplete ‑ This symbol indicates that the student has not completed the requirements for a course during the semester for
some unavoidable reason ‑‑ that is acceptable to the instructor. The student should contact the instructor immediately in an effort to
complete
course requirements. If the "I" is not completed within the
next semester, the "I" will be changed to an "F".
N = audit: no grade or credit
W = withdrawn
B. ATTENDANCE:
Prompt attendance at all scheduled lecture and lab meetings is
expected. Regular attendance is
necessary for satisfactory performance in this course. Roll will be checked at each meeting and
attendance recorded. Students with good
attendance and satisfactory behavior may receive a higher grade in borderline
cases (69.5 = C instead of D). The
VSCC catalog allows an instructor to withdraw a student from a course in which
the student is demonstrating poor attendance. Note that this is only an option available to
the instructor and is not an automatic response by all faculty to poor
attendance. Any student desiring to
withdraw from a course should meet with his/her academic advisor, complete the
appropriate form, and submit that form to the Office of Admissions and
Records. The last day to withdraw from a
course is published in the academic calendar of the VSCC catalog.
NOTE: Official absences from the college (absences
excused by the vice president ) are not subject to these policies and will be
handled individually. Under these
circumstances (official absences) arrangements MUST be made in advance. SEE YOUR INSTRUCTOR.
Four
unexcused absences (three in a night section) may result
in the final grade being lowered one letter grade. Students who are late to class miss valuable
learning experiences, demonstrate a lack of interest or discipline, and often
distract the instructor and classmates.
Therefore, three occurrences of tardiness will be counted
as one unexcused absence.
C. MISSED TESTS:
Individual make-up examinations will not be given in this
course. The departmental
comprehensive exam will be used to replace one missing exam grade.
D.
CHEATING: Each student is expected to do his/her own
work on all examinations. Cheating is
dishonest and constitutes unacceptable behavior in this course. Any student caught cheating on a test will be
given a zero on that test.
E. INCLEMENT WEATHER: If
If
F. CLASS CONDUCT: Smoking, drinking, and eating are not allowed
in the classroom nor the laboratory.
Students should not chat during lecture or when instructions and
information are being presented in the lab.
Students are bound by all rules of conduct contained in the student
handbook and the VSCC catalog.
G. MISCELLANEOUS: No small children will be allowed to visit during lecture or laboratory meetings.
Prohibited items include any electronic or other noise- or light-emitting device that can distract or disturb its owners or others, such as beepers, cell phones, palm pilots, laptop computers, games, and the like. Cellular telephones are not to be used during class for any purpose, including making or receiving calls, photographs, or text messages, or playing games. Students cannot wear headphones or ear buds in class. The instructor may exclude any student from the class in which a disturbance occurs. The student is responsible for any missed material and class assignments made during his/her absence.
H.
I. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY STATEMENT:
BIOLOGY
2230 LECTURE TOPICAL OUTLINE: