BIOL 2020

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (4)

LECTURE AND LAB

  

FALL, SPRING, SUMMER SEMESTERS

 

DESCRIPTION:  A continuation of BIOL 2010 including the cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, immunity, respiratory system, digestive system, metabolism, urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive systems, human development, and genetics.  PREREQUISITE:  Completion of BIOL 2010 (or BIO 231) with a grade of "C" or better.  Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week.

INSTRUCTORS:  

 

Office hours are posted outside office doors. Instructors may be reached by phone to schedule an appointment during office hours at 615.452.8600 or 615.741.3215 and entering the extension above.  The Math and Science Division Secretary may be reached at 615.230.3261.

 

            Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7th Ed., Marieb;

Laboratory Exercises for Human Anatomy and Physiology II, 3^rd ed. by VSCC faculty;

RECOMMENDED:  A Photographic Atlas for the Anatomy and Physiology, 5th edition, by Van DeGraff and Crawley

OPTIONAL:  Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook by Marieb

OPTIONAL:  Student Study Guide to accompany Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7th Ed., by Marieb

 

These materials are available in the Campus bookstore. These books may be ordered on-line or by calling the College Bookstore 615.230.3636.

 

 

GENERAL          Human Anatomy and Physiology is designed as an introductory course, to fulfill the

EDUCATION      requirements for students entering nursing and allied health professions, who have

OUTCOME:        minimal backgrounds in biological and physical sciences.  Because of the scope of

                         the course, Human Anatomy and Physiology is useful for students in the biological

                         sciences and may be used to fulfill the 8-hour natural science general education

                         requirement.

 

GENERAL          Upon the successful completion of this course, the student will have demonstrated

EDUCATION      an acceptable level of mastery of the fundamental principles of human anatomy and

OUTCOME:        physiology and will be able to interpret scientific information through laboratory

                         experiences, scientific investigations, and inquiry.

 

OTHER              The course will seek continual development in communication, problem solving,

GOALS:             and critical thinking skills.

 

OUTCOME        Upon completion of this course, the student will have demonstrated an acceptable

STATEMENTS:  ability to:

 

 1.      Contrast the general roles of blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid in maintaining homeostasis.

 2.      Describe the principal physical characteristics of blood and its functions in the body.

 3.      Explain the process of hemopoiesis.                                                             

 4.      Discuss the structure, function, and destruction of erythrocytes.

 5.      List the structural features, types, and functions of leukocytes.

 6.      Explain the significance of a differential count.

 7.      Explain the stages, pathways, and factors of the blood clotting process.

 8.      Distinguish between agglutination and coagulation.

 9.      Explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting.

10.     Explain how the body attempts to prevent blood loss through hemostasis.

11.     List the components of plasma and explain their importance.

12.     Explain ABO and Rh blood grouping.                                                            

13.     Explain the antigen‑antibody reaction as the basis for ABO and Rh blood grouping.

14.     Define:  thrombosis, thrombus, embolus, embolism, anticoagulant.

15.     Describe the location of the heart and describe its external anatomy.

16.     Describe the structure and function of the pericardium.

17.     Give the structure and location of the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium of the heart wall.

18.     Identify and describe the chambers, great vessels, and valves of the heart.

19.     Explain the circulation pattern of blood through the heart.

20.     Describe the route of blood in coronary circulation.

21.     Explain the structural and functional features of the conduction system of the heart.

22.     Describe an electrocardiogram (ECG) and explain its significance.

23.     Describe the principal events of the cardiac cycle.

24.     Define cardiac output, its significance, and determining factors.

25.     Compare the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

26.     List and describe several factors that control and affect heart rate.

27.     Discuss the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

28.     Define and explain the importance of a blood reservoir.

29.     Explain the relationship between cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and blood pressure.

30.     Explain the factors that regulate peripheral resistance and indicate how each affects blood pressure.

31.     Define and state the importance of autoregulation.

32.     List and explain several factors that assist in the return of blood to the heart.

33.     Define blood pressure.                                                                                

34.     Identify the various circulatory routes of the body and their major blood vessels.

35.     Identify the principal arteries and veins of systemic circulation.

36.     Trace the blood through its different circulatory routes.

37.     Define: anastomosis, collateral circulation, end arteries, conduction and distributing arteries.

38.     Contrast fetal and adult circulation.                                                               

39.     Give the functions of the lymphatic system.

40.     Describe the components of the lymphatic system, their functions, and histological aspects.

41.     Contrast the structure of lymphatics with veins.

42.     Trace the general plan of lymph circulation from lymphatics into the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts.

43.     Describe the development of edema.                                                            

44.     Explain the difference between nonspecific and specific resistance.

45.     Discuss the roles of the various factors involved in nonspecific resistance.

46.     Define immunity.                                                                                          

47.     Contrast the main features of antigens and antibodies and explain their relationship to each other.

48.     Explain the roles of T cells in cellular immunity and B cells in humoral immunity.

49.     Define the function of the respiratory system and identify the organs of the system.

50.     Compare the structure and function of the external and internal nose.

51.     Differentiate between the three regions of the pharynx and describe their roles in respiration.

52.     Describe the structure of the larynx and explain its functions in respiration and voice production.

53.     Explain the structure and function of the trachea.

54.     Describe the location and structure of the tubes that form the bronchial tree.

55.     Describe the gross anatomy of the lungs.

56.     Explain the structures of the alveolar‑capillary (respiratory) membrane & function in the diffusion of respiratory gases.

57.     Define surfactant and explain its importance.

58.     List the events involved in inspiration and expiration.

59.     Explain how compliance, elasticity, and airway resistance relate to breathing.

60.     Define the various modified respiratory movements.

61.     Compare the volumes and capacities of air exchanged during respiration and state their importance.

62.     Distinguish between external and internal respiration. 

63.     Explain how the respiratory gases are transported by the blood.

64.     Describe how various neural and chemical factors may modify the rate of respiration.

65.     Explain the relationship between ventilation and blood pH.

66.     Describe the mechanisms that regulates food intake.

67.     Define digestion and distinguish between the chemical and mechanical phases.

68.     Describe the peritoneum; identify and locate its major folds.

69.     Identify the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion.

70.     Discuss the structure of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.

71.     Explain the structure of the mouth and its role in mechanical digestion.

72.     Describe the location, histology, and functions of the salivary glands.

73.     Identify the mechanisms that regulate the secretion of saliva.

74.     Identify the parts of a typical tooth and compare deciduous and permanent teeth.

75.     Discuss the stages of swallowing.                                                                

76.     Describe the role of the esophagus in digestion.

77.     Describe the anatomy and histology of the stomach, & explain the relationship of its structural features and digestion.

78.     Discuss the components of gastric juice and give their functions.

79.     Discuss the factors that control the secretion of gastric juice and gastric emptying.

80.     Describe the anatomy and histology of the pancreas and its role in digestion.

81.     Explain how pancreatic secretion is regulated.

82.     Describe the anatomy, blood supply, and histology of the liver and its role in digestion.

83.     Explain the composition of bile and the factors that control its secretion.

84.     Trace the flow of bile from the liver lobule to the duodenum.

85.     Discuss the role of the gallbladder in digestion.

86.     Discuss the structural features of the small intestine that adapt it for digestion and absorption.

87.     Explain how secretion of the small intestine is controlled.

88.     Define absorption and explain how and where the end products of digestion are absorbed.

89.     Describe the anatomy and histology of the large intestine, and explain its functions.

90.     Define the processes involved in the formation of feces and defecation.

91.     Define:  metabolism, nutrient, anabolism and catabolism.

92.     List the six classes of nutrients and give their chief functions.

93.     Explain the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.  Name all enzymes required, their source, and site of action.

94.     List the various factors that aid metabolism.

95.     Describe the characteristics and importance of enzymes in metabolism.

96.     Explain the fate of absorbed monosaccharides.

97.     Describe the oxidation of glucose via cellular respiration.

98.     Define glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis.

99.     Explain the fate of absorbed lipid nutrients.

100.    Explain the metabolism of glycerol and fatty acid.

101.    Explain the fate of absorbed amino acids.

102.    Explain the metabolism of amino acids.

103.    Distinguish between the absorptive and postabsorptive states.

104.    Explain how various hormones regulate metabolism.

105.    Compare the sources, and functions of minerals in metabolism.

106.    Define a vitamin and distinguish between fat‑soluble and water‑soluble vitamins.

107.    Compare the sources, functions, and deficiency symptoms and disorders of the principal vitamins.

108.    Explain how the caloric value of foods is determined.

109.    Distinguish between small calorie and large calorie.

110.    Describe the various mechanisms that produce body heat.

111.    Define basal and total metabolic rates and explain the factors that affect each.

112.    Describe the various ways that body heat is lost.

113.    Explain how normal body temperature is maintained.

114.    Give the functions of the urinary system.

115.    Identify the external and internal gross anatomical features of the kidneys.

116.    Describe the structure of a nephron.

117.    Describe the blood supply to the kidneys.

118.    Describe the structure and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

119.    Describe the process of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion.

120.    Identify the forces that support and oppose the filtration of blood in the kidneys.

121.    Explain the importance of tubular secretion.

122.    Compare the effects of blood pressure, blood concentration, temperature, diuretics, and emotions on urine volume.

123.    List and describe the physical characteristics of urine, its normal and abnormal chemical components.

124.    Discuss the structure and function of the ureters.

125.    Describe the structure and function of the urinary bladder.

126.    Explain the physiology of the micturition reflex.

127.    Explain the structure and physiology of the urethra in the male and female.

128.    Discuss the function of the endocrine system and its role in maintaining homeostasis.

129.    Describe the structure of the glands of the endocrine system and explain the principal actions of their hormones.

130.    Describe how hormones are classified and explain the mechanisms of hormonal interaction with plasma membrane receptors and intercellular receptors.

131.    Identify the role of prostoglandins in hormonal action.

132.    Describe and exemplify the control of hormonal secretions by feedback cycles.

133.    Explain how the pituitary gland and hypothalamus are structurally and functionally related.

134.    Define various disorders/diseases resulting from malfunctions of the endocrine glands.

135.    Cite other body tissues that secrete hormones and explain the functions of these hormones.

136.    Define reproduction and classify the organs of reproduction by function.

137.    Define meiosis and explain the principal events of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

138.    Explain the structure, location, and functions of the testes.

139.    Describe the structure of a mature sperm and indicate the approximate number required for fertilization.

140.    Describe the physiological effects of testosterone and inhibin.

141.    Describe the location, structure, and functions of ductus deferens, ductus epididymis, ejaculatory duct, male urethra.

142.    Explain the location and function of the accessory male reproductive glands.

143.    Discuss the chemical composition of semen (seminal fluid).

144.    Explain the structure and function of the penis.

145.    Describe the location, histology, and functions of the ovaries.

146.    Explain the location, structure, and functions of the uterine tubes.

147.    Explain the histology and blood supply of the uterus.

148.    Relate the principal events of the menstrual and ovarian cycle.

149.    Discuss the physiological effects of estrogens, progesterone, and relaxin.

150.    Describe the location, function, and structure of the vagina.

151.    Describe the components of the vulva and explain their function.

152.    Explain the structure, and function of the mammary glands.

153.    Explain the activities associated with fertilization, morula formation, blastocyst development, and implantation.

154.    Discuss the formation of the primary germ layers, embryonic membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord as the principal events of the embryonic period.

155.    List representative body structures produced by each of the primary germ layers.

156.    Discuss the functions of the embryonic membranes.

157.    Compare the roles of the umbilical cord and placenta during embryonic and fetal growth.

158.    Discuss the principal body changes of the developing fetus.

159.    Compare the sources and functions of the hormones secreted during pregnancy.

160.    Describe some of the anatomical and physiological changes of the mother associated with gestation.

161.    Define parturition and explain the events of the three stages of labor.

162.    Discuss the physiology and control of lactation.

163.    Define genetics, inheritance, genes, alleles, heterozygous, homozygous, and filial generations.

164.    Explain the relationship of meiosis to inheritance (genetics).

165.    Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes.

166.    Distinguish between genotype and phenotype.

167.    Determine the possible gametes from a given genotype.

168.    Explain how fertilization of haploid gametes reestablishes the diploid condition.

169.    Define a monohybrid cross and solve problems involving monohybrid crosses.

170.    Define karyotype and distinguish between autosomes and sexchromosomes.

171.    Describe the inheritance of sex (male and female).

172.    Define sex‑linked traits and describe the inheritance of sex‑linked traits.

173.    Define and exemplify multiple allele, multiple gene, and codominant allele inheritance.

174.    Identify some selected hereditary traits in humans and classify them as dominant, recessive, or sex‑linked, etc.

 

ADA Statement: It is the student's responsibility to self-identify with the Office of Disability Services to receive accommodations and services in accordance with The Americans With Disabilities Act.  (ADA)  Only those students with appropriate documentation will receive services.  For further information, contact the Office of Disability Services at extension 3472 or visit the office which is located on the ground floor of the Wood Campus Center.

 

Equal Opportunity Statement:  Volunteer State Community College is an equal opportunity Affirmative Action Educational Institution.  No person shall be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefit of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity of the College because of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap.  The College also complies with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended and with the Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Act of 1974.  The commitment to equal opportunity applies to all aspects of recruitment, employment and education of individuals at all levels throughout the College.

 

Assessment:  Assessment of the primary goals of this course will be determined by the degree to which the goals set forth have been met.  The course will be assessed through faculty evaluation. 

 

Critical thinking, problem solving, and communication skills may be subjectively assessed by evaluating the student's oral questions, answers, and comments during lecture periods.  More objectively, these skills will be evaluated through written exams consisting of some discussion questions that require the student to use such skills.

 

Student mastery of the stated outcomes will be assessed through lecture and practical laboratory examinations.  The lecture examinations are designed to measure the student's ability to recall basic principles, think critically, and to explain the anatomical and physiological information presented.  Practical laboratory examinations will assess the student's ability to identify and locate anatomical structures and to describe physiological processes.

 

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES:

 

A.  GRADING:  Each lecture examination has equal value toward your final lecture average and will constitute 60% of your BIOL 2020 grade.  Your instructor will determine the number of lecture examinations and the material to be covered on each lecture examination.  All students will take a comprehensive final examination which will count 10% of your earned grade in BIOL 2020.  The last lecture exam will be given by your instructor during the final examination period as published by the college. The departmental comprehensive exam will be taken via WebCT on the computer and will be scheduled at the end of the semester.  Your instructor will provide more information on the particulars of the departmental comprehensive final exam near the end of the semester.  Comprehensive exams for Livingston students will be given in Livingston.  Comps for Hunters Lane students will be given at Hunters Lane.  Comps for on campus day and evening students will be given on campus.

 

Your grade in this course will be determined as follows:

60% - lecture average

30% - laboratory average

         10% - comprehensive final

       

        Example:                  

 

Only the final average will receive a letter grade.  The final grades to be assigned in this course and their numerical values are as follows:

 

A = 90 ‑ 100 average on all work

B = 80 ‑  89 average on all work

C = 70 ‑  79 average on all work

D = 60 ‑  69 average on all work

F = Below 60

            I = Incomplete ‑ This symbol indicates that the student has not  completed the requirements for a course during the semester

               for some unavoidable reason ‑‑ that is acceptable to the  instructor.  The student should contact the instructor immediately in an effort  

               to complete course requirements.  If the I is not completed within the next semester, the "I" will revert to an "F".                      

N = audit:  no grade or credit

W = withdrawn

 

MAKE-UP EXAMINATIONS WILL NOT BE GIVEN IN THIS COURSE. The grade earned on the departmental comprehensive exam will 1) constitute the grade for a missed exam or 2) substitute for a lower grade on a previous lecture exam. 

 

B.  ATTENDANCE:  Prompt and regular attendance is considered necessary for satisfactory work.  Roll will be taken, and your attendance will be recorded.  Regarding attendance, two things should be noted:  Students who fail to attend class on a regular basis seriously impair their ability to succeed in any course.  Secondly, the Volunteer State Community College Catalog provides that instructors withdraw a student from a course in which he is demonstrating poor attendance.*  Your input in the classroom situation is of value to the teacher, yourself, and the other students. Poor attendance deprives all of those involved.

 

* Four unexcused absences (not on college related affairs) may result in lowering the student's final grade by one letter grade.  Tardiness is unacceptable.  Three "tardies" may constitute one day of absence as explained by your instructor.

 

C.  INCLEMENT WEATHER POLICY:  If Vol State is officially open, any Biology class or laboratory section will meet as scheduled, all assignments will be due, and any scheduled quizzes or exams will be given. Any missed work will be subject to the make‑up policy as outlined in the course syllabus. 

 

If Vol State is officially closed, all lecture assignments will be due and any quizzes or exams will be given at the next regular class meeting. 

 

D.  MISCELLANEOUS:  No smoking, eating, drinking, or children in class. Prohibited items include any electronic or other noise- or light-emitting device that can distract or disturb its owners or others, such as beepers, cell phones, palm pilots, laptop computers, games, and the like.  Cellular telephones are not to be used during class for any purpose, including making or receiving calls, photographs, or text messages, or playing games. Students cannot wear headphones or ear buds in class. The instructor may exclude any student from the class in which a disturbance occurs. The student is responsible for any missed material and class assignments made during his/her absence. The student is encouraged to refer to the Volunteer State Community College Catalog and the Volunteer State Community College Student Handbook which contain information pertinent to this course.

 

For academic retention standards, see the current VSCC catalog.

 

The last day to withdraw from a course or the college is published in the academic calendar of the current catalog.

 

Each student is expected to do his/her own work on all examinations.  the biology faculty expects unwavering integrity and honesty of all students. According to the college catalog, conduct of an unacceptable nature may be reason for dismissal from the college.  Cheating is dishonest and constitutes conduct of an unacceptable behavior.  Cheaters who are caught will be given a zero on that test.  A second offense will result in academic withdrawal of the student from this course.

F.  TOPICAL OUTLINE:  LECTURE TEXTBOOK READING ASSIGNMENTS

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7th Ed., Marieb

 

 

 

BIOL 2020

LABORATORY

 

The laboratory part of this course will supplement the lectures and provide hands‑on experiences in scientific investigations.  Some laboratory exercises will be supplemented with audio visuals, dissecting, and in field experience where applicable.

 

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES:  All policies and procedures not described below are contained in the lecture section and will apply to the laboratory.

 

It is a good idea to bring your textbook and your lab manual to lab.  There will be no makeup labs.  If necessary, and only with the permission of both instructors, you may attend another lab section if that section is doing the exercise you missed.  There will be no makeup examinations in lab.  Your lab average constitutes 30% of the total grade for the course.  NO smoking, eating, drinking, or small children allowed in lab.  Silence pagers and cell phones. Your instructor will explain how interruptions may affect your grade.

 

GRADING:  The laboratory grade, as determined by the laboratory instructor, constitutes 30% of the course grade.  It will be derived from three major examinations given during the semester.  Your instructor may choose to give periodic lab quizzes and will explain how these will count in the  laboratory grade. In general, the average of the lab quiz average will count as a fourth lab exam.  

 

For an example of how the final grade is to be calculated, please see the grading policy in the Lecture Syllabus.

 

Although some course outcomes will be covered exclusively in the laboratory, success in the lecture component of the course will be demonstrated by your ability to draw upon laboratory experiences and vise versa.

 

ADA STATEMENT: It is the student's responsibility to self-identify with the Office of Disability Services to receive accommodations and services in accordance with The Americans With Disabilities Act.  (ADA)  Only those students with appropriate documentation will receive services.  For further information, contact the Office of Disability Services at extension 3472 or visit the office which is located on the ground floor of the Wood Campus Center.